Business Ethics free essay sample

Disclosure the fcpa requires corporations to fully disclose any and all transactions conducted with foreign officials and politicians Prohibition the fcpa incorporated the wording of the bank secrecy act and the mail fraud act to prohibit the movement of funds overseas for the express purpose of conducting a fraudulent scheme -facilitation payments-payments that are acceptable (legal) provided they expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action -routine governmental action- any regular administrative process or procedure, excluding any action taken by a foreign official in the decision to award new or continuing business What is a routine governmental action? see above definition but examples are: providing permits, licenses, or other official documents to qualify a person to do business in a foreign country -processing governmental papers such as visas and work orders -providing police protection, mail pickup and delivery, or scheduling inspections associated w ith contract performance or inspections related to transit of goods across a country Providing phone service, power, and water supply; loading and unloading cargo; or protecting perishable products or commodities from deterioration -performing actions of a similar nature The key distinction in identifying bribes was the exclusion of any action taken by a foreign official in the decision to award new or continuing business. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such decisions being the primary target of most questionable payments were not deemed to be routine governmental action How many principles are in the Defense Industry Initiative, what are they? 6 * Each company will have and adhere to a written code of business ethics and conduct * The company’s code will establish the high values expected of its employees and the standards by which they must judge their own conduct nd that of their organization; each company will train its employees concerning their personal responsibilities under the code * Each company will create a free and open atmosphere that allows and encourages employees to report violations of its code to the company without fear of retribution for such reporting * Each company will have the obligation to self-govern by monitoring compliance with federal procurement laws and adopting procedures for voluntary disclosure of violations of federal procurement laws and corrective actions taken * Each company will have the responsibility to each of the other companies in the industry to live by standards of conduct that preserve the integrity of the defense industry * Each company must have public accountability for its commitment to these principles What are the most important regulations covered under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations? Federal sentencing guidelines for organizations hold business liable for the criminal acts of their employees and agents, important regs are the culpability score meaning the calculation of a degree of blame or guilt that is used as a multiplier of up to four times the base fine. The culpability score can be adjusted according to aggravating or mitigating factors Aggravating factors- -high-level personnel were involved in or tolerated the criminal activity -the organization willfully obstructed justice -the organization had a prior history of similar misconduct the current offense violated a judicial order, injunction or con dition of probation Mitigating factors; -the organization had an effective program to prevent and detect violations of law -the organization self-reported the offense to appropriate governmental authorities, fully cooperated in the investigation, and accepted responsibility for the criminal conduct , second reg- death penalty-where the fine is set high enough to match all the organization’s assets-and basically put the organization out of business. This warranted where the organization was operating primarily for a criminal purpose What are the most important regulations covered under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, what is title IX? arbanes-oxley act is a legislative response to the corporate accounting scandals of the early 2000s that covers the financial management of business. I still need to put the most important regulations, Creates more penalties for White collar crimes. It makes each member of the Management Team sign the financial statement and they are now responsible for anything on those statements. -It creates an oversight board for Accounting Firms. title IX is white-collar crime penalty enhancements -provides that any person who attempts to commit white-collar crimes will be treated under the law as if the person had committed the crime -requires CEOs and CFOs to certify their periodic reports and imposes penalties for certifying a misleading or fraudulent report. What is an internal whistle blower what is an external whistle blower? -Internal is when an employee discovers corporate misconduct and brings it to the attention of their supervisor who then follows established procedures to address the misconduct within the organization -external is when an employee discovers corporate misconduct and chooses to bring it to the attention of law-enforcement agencies and/or the media When is it unethical to blow the whistle? * That the employee is motivated by the opportunity for financial gain or media attention * -employee is carrying out an individual vendetta against the company What are the most important regulations addressed by the whistleblower act of 1989? imposed specific performance deadlines in processing whistleblower complaints -guaranteed the anonymity of the whistle-blower -required prompt payment of any portion of the settlement to which the whistle-blower would be entitled -employees who prevail were entitled to damages which may inc lude: -reinstatement to the same seniority status that the employee would have had but for the adverse employment action -back pay -interest -all compensatory damages to make the employee whole -special damages including litigation costs, reasonable attorney fees and costs, experts witness fess, and all relief necessary to make the employee whole Ch. 8 What is an intranet and what is an extranet? Intranet – a company’s internal web site containing information for employees only -Extranet- a private piece of a company’s internet network that is made available to customers and/or vendor partners on the basis of secured access by unique password What is telecommuting? -the ability to work outside of your office (from your home or anywhere else) and log in to your company network (usually via a secure gateway such as a VPN, virtual private network) What is Packet-sniffing? -a software that can intercept, analyze, and archive all communications on a network, including employee email, chat sessions, file sharing, and internet browsing. Employees who use the workplace network to access personal email accounts are not provided by the company are not protected. Their private accounts, as long as they are accessed on workplace network or phone lines can be monitored What is a smart ID card? -Can track an employee’s location while they are on the move through the workplace Ch 9 What are developed nations, what are less developed nations? -Developed nations is a country that enjoys a high standard of living as measured by economic, social, and technological criteria -Less-developed is a country that lacks the economic, social, and technological infrastructure of a developed nation What is a conglomerate versus a multinational corporation (MNC) -Conglomerate- -multinational corporation is a company that provides and sells products and services across multiple national borders What is the Global Code of ethics? a general standard of business practice that can be applied equally to all countries over and above their local customs and social norms What is addressed by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act? What is the Global Compact? -a volunta ry corporate citizenship initiative endorsing 10 key principles that focus on four key areas of concern: the environment, anticorruption, the welfare of workers around the world, and global human rights Who are the OECD and what are some of the guidelines? Guidelines that promote principles and standards of behavior in the following areas: human rights, information disclosure, anticorruption, taxation, labor relations, environment, competition, and consumer protection; a governmental initiative endorsed by 30 members Back to Chapter 1 What is the Golden Rule? Do unto others as you would have them do unto you What is Utilitarianism? Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people to help people (Scottish philosopher David Hume) What is Universal Ethics? Actions that are taken out of duty and obligation you a purely moral idea rather than based on the needs of the situation since the universal principles are seen to apply to everyone everywhere all the time (German philosopher Immanuel Kant) no idea needed What is Ethical Relativism? Gray area in which your ethical principles are defined by the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment Business Ethics free essay sample Versions of the first principle, sometimes called eco- efficiency, have long been a part of the environmental movement. Doing more with less has been an environmental guideline for decades. | Question 2| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| According to model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem), we recognize that neither matter nor energy can truly be created, it can only be transferred from one form to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This conservation of matter/energy is consistent with the: Question options: | first law of thermodynamics. | | second law of thermodynamics. | third law of thermodynamics. | | fourth law of thermodynamics. | Hide Feedback| | | The model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem) differs from the circular flow model is several ways. From the first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of matter/energy), we recognize that neither matter nor energy can truly be created, it can only be transferred from one form to another. | Question 3| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Identify the responsibility which holds that a business should be responsible for incorporating the end results of its products back into the productive cycle. Question options: | Backcasting| | Cradle-to-cradle| | Take-make-waste| | Cradle-to-grave| Hide Feedback| | | Cradle-to-cradle responsibility holds that a business should be responsible for incorporating the end results of its products back into the productive cycle. | Question 4| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Identify the correct statement about the Brundtland Commission. Question options: | The United Nations World Commission on Trading and Development (WCTD) is commonly known as the Brundtland Commission, named after the place in Norway where the summit was held. | It was charged with developing recommendations for paths towards economic and social development that would not achieve economic growth at the expense of underdeveloped and developing countries. | | It offered what has become the standard definition of sustainable development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . | | It led to trading agreements like NAFTA, CAFTA, and the EU. | Hide Feedback| | | The Brundtland Commission offered what has become the standard definition of sustainable development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. | Question 5| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| The evolution of business strategy towards biomimicry can be understood along a continuum. The earliest phase has been described as _____, where business takes resources, makes products out of them, and discards whatever is left over. Question options: | cradle-to-grave| | take-make-waste| | cradle-to-cradle| | eco-efficiency| Hide Feedback| | | The evolution of business strategy towards biomimicry can be understood along a continuum. The earliest phase has been described as take-make-waste. Business takes resources, makes products out of them, and discards whatever is left over. | Question 6| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| According to economist Herman Daly, the emphasis of economic growth as the goal of economic policy will inevitably fail unless it is realized that: Question options: | the population of the world needs to be controlled. | | the economy is a subsystem within earths biosphere. | | resources are infinite. | | efficient markets need to be stabilized to ensure higher economic returns. | Hide Feedback| | Daly argues that neoclassical economics, with its emphasis on economic growth as the goal of economic policy, will inevitably fail to meet these challenges unless it recognizes that the economy is but a subsystem within earths biosphere. | Question 7| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Which of the following statements is not a problem faced by the regulatory approach to environmental challenges? Question options: | It u nderestimates the influence that business can have in establishing the law. | | This approach underestimates the ability of business to influence consumer choice. | It established standards that effectively shifted the burden from those threatened with harm to those who would cause the harm. | | If we rely on the law to protect the environment, environmental protection will extend only as far as the law extends. | Hide Feedback| | | The environmental regulation enacted during the 1970s established standards that effectively shifted the burden from those threatened with harm to those who would cause the harm. This is not a problem associated with the regulatory approach but one of the changes that occurred after it was enacted. | Question 8| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| According to model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem), entropy increased within a closed space (the second law of thermodynamics) implies that: Question options: | the amount of re-usable products decreases with increase in production. | | the economy exists within a finite biosphere. | | wastes are not produced at each stage of economic activity. | | the amount of usable energy decreases over time. | Hide Feedback| | | The model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem) differs from the circular flow model is several ways. Energy is lost at every stage of economic activity. Consistent with the second law of thermodynamics (entropy increased within a closed system), the amount of usable energy decreases over time. | Question 9| | 0 / 0. 5 points| The approach that at least some animals have the cognitive capacity to possess a conscious life of their own is akin to the _____ ethical framework, which asserts that we have a duty not to treat these animals as mere objects and means to our own ends. Question options: | Kantian| | virtue ethic| | utilitarian| | social web| Hide Feedback| | | The first approach emphasizes the fact that many animals, presumably all animals with a central nervous system, have the capacity to feel pain. Reminiscent of the utilitarian tradition, this view asserts an ethical responsibility to minimize pain. | Question 10| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Internalizing external costs and assigning property rights to unowned goods such as wild species are two responses to market failures by defenders of a narrow economic view of corporate social responsibility. These ad hoc attempts to repair market failures are environmentally inadequate because of the: Question options: | bastcasting problem. | fungibility problem. | | biomimicry problem. | | first-generation problem. | Hide Feedback| | | Internalizing external costs and assigning property rights to unowned goods such as wild species are two responses to market failures. But there are good reasons for thinking that such ad hoc attempts to repair market failures are environmentally inadequate. One importa nt reason is what has been called the first-generation problem. | Ch9| Question 1| | 0 / 1 point| The approach that animals with a central nervous system feel pain is akin to the _____ ethical framework, which asserts an ethical responsibility to minimize pain. Question options: | Kantian| | virtue ethic| | utilitarian| | deontological| Hide Feedback| | | The first approach emphasizes the fact that many animals, presumably all animals with a central nervous system, have the capacity to feel pain. Reminiscent of the utilitarian tradition, this view asserts an ethical responsibility to minimize pain. | Question 2| | 1 / 1 point| In economic terms, all resources are infinite because: Question options: | they are ‘fungible. | | governmental regulations ensure that resources are distributed fairly. | | the advent of technology ensures that all resources are recyclable. | efficient markets will distribute resources efficiently. | Hide Feedback| | | From a strict market economic perspective, resources are infinite. As the supply of any resources decreases, the price increases, thereby providing a strong incentive to supply more or provide a less costly substitute. In economic terms, all resources are fungible. They can be replaced by subst itutes, and in this sense resources are infinite. | Question 3| | 1 / 1 point| Identify the correct statement about the circular flow model. Question options: | It differentiates natural resources from the other factors of production. | It explains the origin of resources. | | It treats economic growth as both the solution to all social ills and also as boundless. | | It holds that resources are finite. | Hide Feedback| | | An observation of the circular flow model is that it treats economic growth as both the solution to all social ills and also as boundless. | Question 4| | 1 / 1 point| The _____ explains the nature of economic transactions in the terms of a flow of resources from businesses to households and back again. Question options: | circular flow model| | three pillars of sustainability| triple bottom line approach| | bilinear model| Hide Feedback| | | What is sometimes called the circular flow model explains the nature of economic transactions in terms of a flow of resou rces from businesses to households and back again. | Question 5| | 0 / 1 point| According to economist Herman Daly, over the long term, resources and energy cannot be used, nor waste produced, at rates which the biosphere cannot replace or absorb them without harming its ability to sustain life. These are what Daly calls the: Question options: | economic limitations. | | the backcasting effect. | | biophysical limits to growth. | | un-expendable boundaries. | Hide Feedback| | | Over the long term, resources and energy cannot be used, nor waste produced, at rates at which the biosphere cannot replace or absorb them without jeopardizing its ability to sustain (human) life. These are what Daly calls the biophysical limits to growth. | Question 6| | 1 / 1 point| What do you understand by the statement all resources are fungible? Question options: | They can be regulated and controlled by the government. | | They can be replaced by substitutes. | They cannot be duplicated. | | They can be recycled. | Hide Feedback| | | In economic terms, all resources are fungible. They can be replaced by substitutes, and in this sense resources are infinite. | Question 7| | 1 / 1 point| The Triple Bottom Line approach involves the measurement of business success of sustainable businesses and sustainable economic development in terms of three factors. Identify them. Question options: | Economic, legal, and environmental sustainability| | Economic, ethical, and environmental sustainability| | Economic, legal, and competitive sustainability| Legal, competitive, and environmental sustainability| Hide Feedback| | | Sustainable business and sustainable economic development seek to create new ways of doing business in which business success is measured in terms of economic, ethical, and environmental sustainability, often called the Triple Bottom Line approach. | Question 8| | 1 / 1 point| Which of the following statements is true about the circular flow model? Question options: | The economy need not grow to keep up with population growth. | | The possibility that the economy cannot grow indefinitely is not part of this model. | The economy need not grow to provide for a higher standard of living. | | The economy cannot grow indefinitely. | Hide Feedback| | | An observation about the circular flow model is that it treats economic growth as both the solution to all social ills and also as boundless. To keep up with population growth, the economy must grow. To provide for a higher standard of living, the economy must grow. To alleviate poverty, hunger, and disease, the economy must grow. The possibility that the economy cannot grow indefinitely is simply not part of this model. | Question 9| | 1 / 1 point| A market-based approach to resolving environmental challenges is reminiscent of the _____ view of CSR. Question options: | philanthropic| | economic| | social web| | integrative| Hide Feedback| | | A market-based approach to resolving environmental challenges is reminiscent of the narrow, economic view of CSR. | Question 10| | 1 / 1 point| The three goals of sustainable development that include economic, environmental, and ethical sustainability are referred to as the: Question options: | Tripartite Goals. | | three pillars of sustainability. | | Three Pronged charter. | | shoulders of sustainability. | Hide Feedback| Business Ethics free essay sample Consider the functional departments reviewed in chapter 3. Which department do you think faces the greatest number of ethical challenges? Why? I think human resource department faces the maximum number of ethical challenges. The human resources function within an organization should ideally be directly involved in the relationship between the company and the employee throughout that employee’s contract with the company. Each of these activities demands transparency and very challenging from an ethical perspective. The creation of the job description for the position. The recruitment and selection of the right candidate for the position. The orientation of the newly hired employee. The efficient management of payroll and benefits for the (hopefully) happy and Productive employee. The documentation of periodic performance reviews. The documentation of disciplinary behavior and remedial training, if needed. The creation of a career development program for the employee. HR department should coordinate final paperwork and should host an exit interview to ensure that anything the organization can learn from the departure is fed back into the company’s strategic plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Business ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the right people are hired in the first place, it is believed, many other problems are avoided down the road. Many advocates of ethical business conduct argue that HR should be at the center of any corporate code of ethics – not as the sole creator of the code, since it is a document that should represent the entire organization HR professionals must help ensure that ethics is a top organizational priority. HR must ensure that the leadership selection and development processes include an ethics component. HR is responsible for ensuring that the right programs and policies are in place. HR must stay abreast of ethics issues The finance function of an organization can be divided into three distinct areas: financial transactions, the accounting function, and the auditing function. Financial transactions – the process by which the flow of money through an organization is handled. Accounting function – keeps track of all the company’s financial transactions by documenting the money coming in and money going out and balancing the accounts at the end of the period. Auditing function – the certification of an organization’s financial statements, or â€Å"books† as being accurate by an impartial third-party professional. Existing and potential investors will make the decision to invest in the shares of an organization. 2. Provide three examples of unethical behavior that you have observed at the company you work or (or worked for in the past). What were the outcomes of this behavior? Deliberate Deception: I have seen following types: taking credit for work done by someone else, calling in sick in order to go to the beach, sabotaging the work of another person. This can be very damaging by using a persons trust to undermine his rights and security. In a workplace environment, this results in conflict and retaliation and less productivity. Conscience violation: My sales manager threatened to fire you unless I could sell 50 inferior quality but pricey products within the next mo. To keep your job, I had to violate my conscience and recommend that your customers buy the pricey inferior quality product. My boss was engaging in unethical behavior by forcing me to do something wrong, and also was risking the ire and potential loss of valuable customers to meet a product sales goal. Failed to Honor Commitments: My boss promised me an extra day off if I could rush out an important project by a certain date. But when the project was successful by that deadline and I wanted to realize the day off, my boss did not agree to give me that day off citing a lot of work still pending. 3. Philip Kotler argues that professional marketers â€Å"should have the same ambivalence as nuclear scientists who help build nuclear bombs. † Is that a valid argument? Why or why not? While I suppose this statement has some validity, it seems somehow exaggerated. I would say that they probably should feel some ambivalence, but not â€Å"the same ambivalence† as the people who make nuclear weapons. The validity of this statement rests on the idea that marketing is harmful to those who are exposed to it. This is true to some degree. First of all, marketing can cause people to waste money. It can cause them to buy things that they would not have wanted to buy if they had not been exposed to the marketing. It might cause them to buy things that they will not even actually use. Second, it can harm people by encouraging them to buy things that are actually bad for them. The classic example of this would be marketing for cigarettes. Of course, it is a major exaggeration to compare marketing and nuclear weapons. Marketing is not lethal in the same way that nuclear weapons are. It can also, at times, be beneficial and does not necessarily hurt anyone. Nuclear weapons cannot be used without killing people. Marketing can be used without doing people any harm at all even if it can at times do some degree of harm. 4. What are â€Å"Creative bookkeeping techniques†? Provide three examples. Creative accounting, also known as competitive book keeping, is the adjustment of economical statistics, usually within the law and bookkeeping requirements, but very much against their soul and certainly not offering the â€Å"true and fair† perspective of a company that records are expected to. A common aim of creative bookkeeping will be to fill revenue outcomes. Some organizations may also decrease revealed income in excellent years to sleek outcomes. Obligations and resources may also be controlled, either to stay within boundaries such as debt covenants, or to cover up problems. Typical creative bookkeeping techniques consist of off balance sheet funding, over-optimistic income recognition and the use of overstated non-recurring products. The phrase â€Å"window dressing† has identical significance when used to records, but is a wider phrase that can be used to other places. In the US it is often used to explain the adjustment of financial commitment collection efficiency statistics. In the perspective of records, â€Å"window dressing† is more likely than â€Å"creative accounting† to suggest unlawful or bogus methods, but it need to do so. The methods of creative bookkeeping modify eventually. As bookkeeping requirements modify, the methods that will work modify. Many changes in bookkeeping requirements are used to prevent particular methods of adjusting records, which indicates those purpose on creative bookkeeping need to find new methods of doing things. Simultaneously, other, well intentioned, changes in bookkeeping requirements start up new possibilities for creative bookkeeping (the use of reasonable value is an excellent example of this). Many (but not all) creative bookkeeping methods modify the main statistics proven in the fiscal reports, but make themselves obvious elsewhere, most often in the notices to the records. The market has been amazed before by bad information invisible in the notices, so a persistent strategy can give you a side. One of the most important aspects of creative accounting is Earnings management. It occurs when professionals use verdict in economical confirming and in constructing dealings to alter economical statements to either deceive some stakeholders about the actual economic performance of an organization or impact contract results that rely on revealed bookkeeping statistics. Earnings control usually includes the synthetic increase (or decrease) of earnings, profits, or income per share results through competitive bookkeeping techniques. Aggressive income control is a form of scams and varies from confirming mistake. Management wanting to show income at a certain level or following a certain design seek problems in economical confirming requirements that allow them to modify the statistics as far as is possible to achieve their preferred aim or to fulfill forecasts by economical experts. These improvements amount to bogus economical confirming when they fall outside the range of suitable bookkeeping practice. Individuals for such behavior include industry objectives, individual realization of an extra, and maintenance of position within a industry. In most cases conformance to suitable bookkeeping methods is a matter of individual reliability. Aggressive income control becomes more potential when an organization is affected by a recession in company. Earnings control is seen as a pushing issue in current bookkeeping exercise. Part of the difficulty can be found in the approved acknowledgement that there is no such thing as a single right income figure and that it is possible for genuine company methods to develop into undesirable economical confirming. It is relatively easy for an auditor to identify mistake, but income control can include innovative scams that is concealed. The requirement for control to claim that the accounts have been prepared properly offers no protection where those professionals have already joined into conscious deception and scams. Auditors need to tell apart scams from mistake by determining the use of objective. Would you leave your position within a company if you saw evidence of unethical business practices? Why or why not? What factors would you consider in making that decision? Yes I will leave my position within a company if I see evidence of unethical business practices being followed. I will follow the steps below while making that decision: 1. Determine whether the matter truly involves ethics. 2. Strive to discover all the available facts before proceeding. 3. Consult existing guidelines that might apply as a possible mechanism for resolution. 4. Pause to consider, as best as possible, all factors that might influence the decision you will make. 5. Consult with a trusted colleague. Because ethical decision-making involves a complicated process influenced by our own perceptions and values, we can usually benefit by seeking input from others. 6. Evaluate the rights, responsibilities, and vulnerability of all affected parties. These evaluations should include, if relevant, any involved institution and perhaps even the general public. 7. Generate alternative decisions. 8. Enumerate the consequences of making each decision 9. Make the decision. Implement the decision. 6. Explain the potential ethical challenges presented by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Accountants always make judgments about how to record business transactions. They often base their decisions on the financial objectives of the companies for which they work while using accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to steer their decisions. GAAP are not a fixed set of rules. They are guidelines or, more precisely, a group of objectives and conventions that have evolved over time to govern how financial statements are prepared and presented. And it’s this lack of a clearly laid out rule that presents the ethical challenged around GAPP. The most difficult ethical problems (frequency reported) are: Client requests to alter tax returns and commit tax fraud, conflict of interest and independence Client requests to alter financial statements, personal-professional problems, and fee problems. CPAs perceive that opportunities exist in the accounting profession to engage in unethical behavior When top management (partners) reprimands unethical behavior, the ethical problems perceived by CPAs seem to be reduced. Exercises: Complete the â€Å"Internet Exercise† on page 58 of Business Ethics Now. 1. Visit the U. S. government recall Web site www. recalls. gov, select a product recall event from the past three years, and answer the following questions: a. What information would you consider to be evidence of an ethical transgression in this product recall? b. Other than recalling the product, what other actions did the company take to address the situation? c. What steps would you suggest that the company should have taken to restore that reputation? d. Locate the Web sites for the American Marketing Association (AMA) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). One has a â€Å"Professional Code of Conduct,† and the other has a â€Å"Statement of Ethics. † Does the terminology make a difference? Why or why not? e. Compare and contrast the components of each approach. f. Since the AMA offers certification as a â€Å"Professional Certified Marketer,† would the organization benefit from promoting a professional code of conduct like the AICPA? Why or why not? Child Safety Seat Recalls: On February 7, 2014, Graco Childrens Products, Inc. (Graco) informed NHTSA that it would be recalling model year 2009 through 2013 toddler and booster child restraints, models Cozy Cline, Comfort Sport, Classic Ride 50, My Ride 65, My Ride w/Safety Surround, My Ride 70, Size 4 Me 70, Smart Seat, Nautilus, Nautilus Elite, and Argos 70. On March 7, 2014, Graco informed NHTSA it would be including an additional 403,222 seats in this recall, including certain model year 2006 through 2014 Argos 70 Elite, Ready Ride, Step 2, My Ride 65 with Safety Surround, My Size 70, Head Wise 70 with Safety Surround, Nautilus 3-in-1, Nautilus Plus, and Smart Seat with Safety Surround. The defect involves difficulty in unlatching the harness buckle. In some cases, the buckle becomes stuck in a latched condition so that it cannot be opened by depressing the buckles release button. CONSEQUENCE: It may be difficult to remove the child from the restraint, increasing the risk of injury in the event of a vehicle crash, fire, or other emergency, in which a prompt exit from the vehicle is required. REMEDY: Graco is offering to replace the buckle with a new design, free of charge. Registered owners will be notified Beginning around early April 2014, and offered the free replacement buckle. All other owners may contact Graco at 1-800-345-4109 (toll-free) or 1-330-869-7225, or online at www. [emailprotected] com. a. A Child safety seat is intended to provide safety to the child. But the consequence of this recall says : : It may be difficult to remove the child from the restraint, increasing the risk of injury in the event of a vehicle crash, fire, or other emergency, in which a prompt exit from the vehicle is required. That is an ethical transgression. b. Graco is offering to replace the buckle with a new design, free of charge. Registered owners will be notified beginning around early April 2014, and offered the free replacement buckle. c. Other than recalling and replacing the existing faulty products, Graco should publicly demonstrate that they have put better process and controls in place to avoid similar defects in their products in the future. That would have helped them to restore their reputation. d. They do not have much of practical difference. The purpose of both of them is to enforce ethical professional practices form their members e. Code of conduct depicts the standard procedures to be followed to do a work within professional boundaries. Statement of ethics outlines the ethical behaviors related to a particular organization or profession. f. No. In marketing profession, ethical challenges are much more evident than a lack of standards. So statement of ethics makes more sense. Case Study: Review Issue 5 from Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Business Ethics and Society. Whi ch viewpoint do you side with? Why? Explain. Reference at least two outside resources that further support the viewpoint you side with. Issue 5: Can Ethics Codes Build â€Å"True† Corporate Ethics? I side with Yes, When it comes to corporate ethics, bad news is good news. According to the Ethics Resource Center’s 2009 National Business Ethics Survey, on-the-job misconduct is down, whistle-blowing is up, and ethical organizational cultures are stronger. Despite these trends, there may be no better time for human resource managers to conduct or participate in ethics-related audits. Setting the Tone: Legal developments in recent like Sarbanes-Oxley Act, with its emphasis on tone at the top and its requirement that publicly traded companies disclose whether they have a code of ethics to deter wrongdoing. The Federal Acquisition Regulation and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines also have a significant impact on organizations’ ethics policies and practices by requiring or providing incentives to encourage businesses of all kinds and sizes to adopt codes of conduct, train their employees on these codes, and create effective audit and reporting mechanisms. HR plays a crucial role in shaping corporate ethical codes, policies and procedures and then communicating and teaching that information to the workforce. In many companies, the top HR manager either serves as the de facto chief ethics and compliance officer or works with the person in that role to manage ethics and compliance programs. Apart from the chief executive officer, there may be no more important ethical role model in the organization than an HR manager. Employees watch HR and they should. HR managers, we essentially need to serve as the poster children for ethical behavior. HR managers who thrive as ethical role models almost always play central roles in conducting ethics-related audits, notes Marjorie Doyle, principal of ethics consulting firm Marjorie Doyle Associates in Landenberg, Pa. , and a member of the Advisory Board of Directors for the Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics. As a former chief corporate ethics and compliance officer, I spent a lot of time with HR, she says. HR managers are trying to get people to do the right thing. They also tend to manage the annual performance review process and operate the communications network within the company, both of which are crucial to ethics audits, Doyle says. They have a feel for whether certain behaviors are as ethical as they need to be. Laying the Groundwork Ethics audits ensure that behaviors an organization espouses in its code of conduct and policies and procedures exist in practice and that behavior forbidden in these documents does not occur. The risk of neglecting ethics audits can be severe. After its ethics-related implosion, Enron became well-known for the fact that the framed values statements in conference rooms were at odds with employees’ behavior on trading floors. And, more-immediate problems potentially exist for companies that do not conduct ethics audits. The danger can spread to other stakeholders, including customers, suppliers and community members. If word gets out that you are not an ethical organization, you run the risk of losing business, Crane notes. Conducting an ethics audit requires a team effort as well as a clear definition of ethical behavior. While many larger companies staff a chief ethics and compliance officer position, that individual is not solely responsible for each employee’s behavior. For this reason, Conway, Ark. -based Nabholz Construction Co. has an ethics committee consisting of top legal, finance, HR and operational executives. We want to have diverse skills on the committee and to make sure all of our geographies are represented, says Andrea Woods, SPHR, vice president and corporate counsel for the private company with about 850? Employees. Nabholz Construction’s ethics committee takes responsibility for monitoring and investigating ethics hotline calls and e-mails. The hotline system is managed by a third-party provider, an arrangement that Woods says strengthens objectivity and independence. The committee conducts ethics audits as part of an annual internal audit process. In addition, a divisional controller, an HR employee and Woods conduct spot ethics audits on the recommendation of the committee. The frequency Woods describes—annual audits on all ethics-related areas and spot ethics audits on an as-needed basis in response to risk assessments—jibes with what ethics consultants recommend. Depending on company size and auditing resources, Crane notes, some companies may audit their entire ethics programs only once every two years. However, the occurrence of a major organizational realignment may necessitate more frequent ethics audits in its wake. Whether or not corporate leaders seek outside help on ethics audits depends on the nature and magnitude of the issues. If the issue involves something very important to the company, it helps to get an outside perspective and the impartial judgment that a third party provides, Crane says. If the company conducts the audit internally and outside stakeholders are paying close attention to the issue, it can be more difficult to say, ‘Yes, we audited our ethics internally and everything is just fine. That may be received as a matter of the fox guarding the henhouse. Making It Tangible Regardless of whether ethics audits are woven into internal audit processes, performed internally in response to changing risk profiles or conducted by an external auditor, the question is What are you auditing against? says Mark Snyderman, senior knowledge leader at LRN, a company that helps businesses develop ethical corporate cultures. The answer requires a distinction between two disciplines frequently lumped together in corporate America: ethics and compliance. Ethics refers to the amorphous area of behavior. Compliance refers to adherence to legal regulations. A company may be fully compliant yet still engage in unethical practices. While that may seem like a clear distinction on paper, it becomes muddled in a global business environment. Compliance audits compare internal behaviors to external regulations. Ethics audits compare internal behaviors to internal guidelines on behavior—guidelines that exist in corporate codes of conduct and ethics-related policies and procedures. Of course, some compliance problems may stem from ethical lapses; others may arise from process or operational bugs. That’s why many business leaders conduct ethical audits in tandem with financial or operational audits. The code should be translated into specific guidance within policies and procedures. You don’t need to start out with the 10 commandments and 500 related rules, but you do need to have something specific to audit against, Doyle says. For example, what does an ethical violation related to bribery or conflict of interest look like? Be very descriptive in your policies and procedures about what these things mean, she recommends. Also, have managers and employees establish performance goals related to ethics and compliance so employees can be evaluated against those objectives. Doyle says greater specificity in ethics-related policies and procedures paves the way for ethics-related performance objectives and metrics. These metrics help enable more-tangible ethics audits.

Chainsaw essays

Chainsaw essays The basic 16-inch chainsaw pictured below, has some of the following components, - And an ignition system started by a magneto connected to a spark plug There are many working parts to the chainsaw. The first a most important is the aircooled two-stroke engine. An engine works as follows, the first place to start is when the spark plug fires. Petrol and air that have been compressed in the cylinders of the engine ignite when the spark plug fires. This reaction drives the piston downward. As the piston approaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust port is uncovered. As the piston finally bottoms out, the intake port is uncovered. The piston's movement has pressurized the mixture in the crankcase, so it rushes into the cylinder, displacing the remaining exhaust gases and filling the cylinder with a fresh charge of fuel, once the piston has finished its cycle the processes starts again. The centrifugal clutch is situated between the engine and the chain. The clutch's purpose is to disengage so that the chain does not move when the engine is not running. When the engine speeds up, the clutch engages so that the chain can cut. The middle and weights spin as one. If they are spinning slowly enough, the weights are held against the middle by the spring. The magneto creates the electrical charge needed to fire the spark plug, and the spark plug creates the spark inside the combustion chamber to ignite the petrol. The job of the magneto is to create a surge. In simple a magneto basically is an electrical generator that has been tuned to create a short high-voltage pulse rather than continuous current. ...

Interpersonl therpy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Interpersonl therpy - Essay Example IPT is one of the short term therpies tht hve been proven to be effective for the tretment of depression. Short term usully involves up to 20 sessions (usully weekly meetings, 1 hour per session) nd mintins focus on 1-2 key issues tht seem to be most closely relted to the depression. Although depression my not be cused by interpersonl events, it usully hs n interpersonl component, tht is, it ffects reltionships nd roles in those reltionships. IPT ws developed to ddress these interpersonl issues. The precise focus of the therpy trgets interpersonl events (such s interpersonl disputes / conflicts, interpersonl role trnsitions, complicted grief tht goes beyond the norml berevement period) tht seem to be most importnt in the onset nd / or mintennce of the depression. IPT is time-limited therpy tht previews in totl 12-week tretment schedule (Mufson & Moreu, 1998). The gols of IPT re to identify interpersonl problem res with which the dolescent is struggling nd to focuse on how those problems re currently impcting their reltionships (Mufson & Moreu, 1998). There re three tretment phses identified s prt of the IPTmodel--initil, middle, nd termintion. Initil Phse occurs during s... te history of current interpersonl reltionships, identify the interpersonl problem re(s) tht my hve precipitted the onset of the depression, discuss gols nd techniques of IPT tretment, nd contrct for tretment. The middle phse of IPT tretment consists of sessions five through eight nd it is during this time tht the mentl helth counselor nd client begin to directly work on the interpersonl problem res identified during the initil stges of tretment. The min gol of the middle phse of IPTtretment is to ssocite these interpersonl problem res to the depressive symptomology currently being experienced by the dolescent. Five interpersonl problem res re exmined during this time: grief, interpersonl role disputes, role trnsitions, interpersonl deficits, nd single-prent fmilies (Mufson & Moreu, 1999). The focus of these interpersonl problem res hs been modified from IPT to meet the developmentl needs nd issues of depressed dolescents. The termintion phse of IPT occurs between sessions nine through twelve (Mufson & Moreu, 1999). In this phse, dolescents re helped to individute from the mentl helth counselor nd to gin sense of efficcy for coping with future problems. During the termintion session, mentl helth counselors nd dolescents process wht hs occurred in counseling, discuss possible res tht could cuse future problems, nd explore problem-solving strtegies relted to those res. Cognitive-Behviorl Therpy Cognitive-behviourl therpy (CBT) is the ne mongst number of structured psychotherpies tht hd proved to be effective in the cute tretment of depression. CBT is generic term referring to therpies tht incorporte both behviorl interventions (direct ttempts to reduce dysfunctionl emotions nd behvior by ltering behvior) nd cognitive interventions (ttempts to reduce dysfunctionl

The theoretical framework of social marketing Essay

The theoretical framework of social marketing - Essay Example (Canada Health, 2005) Social marketing is not a new concept it has been around for a long time in one form or the other. Ever since there have been societies people have tried to persuade, inform, motivate and some how gain acceptance for their ideas and hence bring about a change. But social marketing was first introduced as a discipline in 1970 by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman when they realized that the same marketing principles and strategies used to sell products can be used to sell and promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. Kotler emphasized that the only difference between marketing and social marketing was that in social marketing the aim is not to maximize the benefit for the seller but to bring about a social change. (Weinreich, 2006) Six basic principles of social management set it apart it from other marketing approaches. Firstly the marketing conceptual frame work is intended to bring about a change that is the ultimate goal of marketing is to influence an action. Secondly there should be recognition of competition as recommended behaviors almost always have competition that should be understood and addressed. Thirdly there is a consumer orientation which is the focus on meeting the needs of one's consumers. Fourthly seminal research is to be used to identify with consumer's desires and needs that is programs will be more successful if they are based on the target audience's own perceptions and views. Fifthly there is to be a segmentation and careful selection of the target audience as audiences are rarely consistent in their perceptions or likely responses to marketing efforts and thus should be separated. And sixthly there is to be constant monitoring and modification of program tactics as the market is cons tantly changing and the management should be ready to rapidly adjust and alter its strategies. (Social Marketing Institute, n.d) Social marketing relies on the commercial marketing's conceptual frame work to guide program development and implementation. This frame work places the consumer at the heart of the exchange process where they try to maximize their wants and needs and minimize their costs of doing so. There fore social marketing identifies consumer wants and needs and tries to develop ways to satisfy them. In other words social marketing focuses on the consumer and tries to learn what the consumer wants and thus attempts to provide for the his or her needs. The planning process takes this consumer focus into account by concentrating on the elements of the marketing mix. This refers to the Ps of social marketing which incorporate the four Ps of marketing which are price, product, place and promotion as well as a few others. (Meischke, n.d) The first "P" is the social marketing product which might not always be in physical form. Products can be tangible such as condoms, ideas such as environment protection, habits or practices such as healthy eating and even services such as regular medical check ups or exams. For the product to be effective the consumers have to identify the fact that they have a problem and that the product offers a good solution to that problem. Here research can be used to determine the consumer's perception of their problem and how willing they are to solve that problem. (Weinreich, 2006) The second "P" is price which refers to what the consumers

Christianity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christianity - Research Paper Example This idea failed. Around 800 years before Christ, a Zoroastrian religion in Persia claimed that there was the great one God. True monotheism, the belief in one God is held by the Christians, Jews and Mohammedans and this is generated from the Hebrew religion as witnessed in the Old Testament of the Bible. The origin of Christianity can be connected with Judaism, the parent religion. The time of Jesus Christ which can be described as the ‘known world’ was largely under the dominions of the Roman’s. (Rosten, 1975) The origin of Christianity can be traced to Circa, between 2100 B.C and 1500 B.C. The story begins with Abraham who was chosen by God to spread His word. Abraham wife Sarah was barren and unable to produce a child which was to lead the nation. Abraham, with the consent of Sarah, then had sex with their Egyptian servant Hagar who conceived and delivered Ishmael. However, Sarah in the latter years conceived Abraham baby and gave birth to Isaac. This division of Abraham’s message into separate religions was due to the two sons- Ishmael and Isaac. Muslims believe that Ishmael was the apostle, prophet and the legitimate successor. While Christians and Jews believe Isaac (resulting from the conception within marriage) is the true one carrying Abraham divine message. The Hebrew bible tells the story of Abraham in the book of Genesis, chapters 12 through 25. God tests Abraham by telling him to sacrifice his son, Isaac. The son waits for his throat to be sundered. Abraham takes a brea th, closes his eyes, draws back his arm and then†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..hears a voice, â€Å"Stop! Do not do it. I see now that you truly fear me.† Abraham drops the knife and both father and son sob tears of relief. (Rosten, 1975) From Abraham’s original family begins the division between the religions. Christians believe and follow the teachings of Abraham, Moses and Jesus Christ. Jews continued their split from Christianity by not accepting Jesus

The Effects of Peer Leadership

The Effects of Peer Leadership Theory Leadership, by definition, is the process of guiding and directing the behavior of people in the work environment (Nelson/Quick, 2011). The leader influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal, usually set by the organization. Leadership and management are not interchangeable; they deal with very separate things in the work place. In general, management involves tasks that are necessary for the business, such as staffing, budgeting, and problem solving, whereas leaders focus on the people within the organization and their needs, such as motivation, goal setting, and camaraderie. Currently in the workforce, there are three different generations of leaders: the Baby Boomers (born between 1946 and 1964), Generation X (1961-1981), and Generation Y (1974- 1994) (Robbins, 2008). Stereotypically speaking, there are differences in leadership styles and work ethics between these generations. Baby Boomers resist change and are unwilling to understand the new age. Those in Generation X are seen as unmotivated and selfish, though they generally have strong communication skills and are technologically savvy. Individuals born in the Generation Y do not have the same, strong work ethic as previous generations and do not understand the meaning of hard work, but are viewed as energetic, able to multitask, and very technologically savvy. Because of the differences between the generations, this could make leading groups or teams difficult. However, according to Robbins, all leaders  ¿Ã‚ ½must learn to dismiss stereotypes and gain an understanding of all generations ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Robbins, 2008). Today ¿Ã‚ ½s leaders face many challenges. From diversity and generational differences to globalization and technological progression, it is how leaders face these challenges that set apart effective leaders from unsuccessful ones. The most important implications for leaders are that they need to be good diagnosticians. Leaders must be flexible enough to vary their own behavior in relation to the needs of individuals in particular situations in an appropriate way. Peer leadership is great for situational leadership. Successful peer leading in university settings is the result of relationships among students, mentors and instructors (Ashman, 2010, pg. 121). Teaching also occurs between and among students as they work together and at times mentor each other in and outside the classroom. Though instructors may wish otherwise, this sort of peer teaching may have an even greater impact on students than teaching in the classroom (Goodlad, 1998). They suggest that academic involvement and interaction with faculty and fellow students increases the time and physical and psychological energy that students devote to the academic experience. Two of the most common situations that involve students helping other students are peer mentoring and peer leading, such as residential life settings (Ashman, 2010, pg. 122) .Peer leading focuses on more experienced students helping less experienced students improve overall academic performance, encourages mentors ¿  ½ personal growth (Falchikov, 2001; Kram, 1985), and provides advice, support and knowledge to the mentee (University of South Australia, 2003). Using peer tutors requires a whole system of training and support concerning the socialization of students, teachers and instructors. Peer leaders are a great help to the student body. It is because of the similarity in age that students can better relate with the peer group they are leading. They are the connecting link. In other words, they help other students inside and outside of class get involved with their campus and education (Sanft Jensen McMurray, 2008). Also, because peer leaders are less authoritative, students feel more comfortable at times approaching them making them more effective leaders. It ¿Ã‚ ½s really important for students to have leaders ¿Ã‚ ½ knowledge of resources and events on campus. Students are the  ¿Ã‚ ½go-to ¿Ã‚ ½ people when it comes to learning information about things relevant to their age group. Peer leadership guides and motivates other students (Ashman, 2010, pg. 125). Peer leaders encourage their students to get involved on campus, study more efficiently and improve academically.  ¿Ã‚ ½They ¿Ã‚ ½re not just leaders to the students [in their class], they ¿Ã‚ ½re leaders to all students ¿Ã‚ ½ they ¿Ã‚ ½re an example to all students. ¿Ã‚ ½ (Interview 40) In the role of learning coach, peer leaders teach students important academic and life skills (9 of 29). Almost every proponent of peer approaches indicates some sort of benefit to both sides of a peer mentor relationship (Ashman, 2010, pg. 127). In the past two decades, much new research on inspirational leadership theories has emerged. Transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, and authentic leadership are all important developments in inspirational leadership. As the Residential Life program assists in the development of life skills, such as respect, accountability, mindfulness, responsibility, and patience, transformational leadership is demonstrated through staff forming emotional bonds with residents and  ¿Ã‚ ½arousing enthusiasm for a common vision ¿Ã‚ ½ (Kearney 1). Instead of using their official position to manage residents, Residential Life staff members rely on their personal attributes to inspire and excite. As role models, Residential Life staff members are charismatic, provide inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation, and show individualized consideration, all sub-dimensions of transformational leadership (Kearney 1). According to Nelson and Quick (2011), individualized consideration refers to how much attention leaders place on individual needs, and inspirational motivation is how well a leader is able to  ¿Ã‚ ½articulate a vision that is appealing to its followers ¿Ã‚ ½ (Nelson/Quick 197). Studies have shown that transformational leadership increases firm performance (Nelson/Quick 197). According to Judge and Piccolo (2004), it is positively related to a number or important outcomes, including the satisfaction, motivation, and performance of followers. Transformational leadership is effective because leaders encourage followers to set goals that are equal to their own personal interests and values (Nelson/Quick 197). This results in followers valuing their work more because their ultimate goals match up with who they are. The Residential Life program consists of staff members ranging in age. With student RAs in every residential hall, there is little age difference between leaders and followers. This small age gap could conceivably influence the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance. Eric Kearney sought to examine the question of whether transformational leadership is more effective when it is provided by team leaders who are older than the other team members. According to Bass and Riggio (2006), personal identification and respect for a leader, as well as the internalization of the leader ¿Ã‚ ½s values, are all key mediating processes through which transformational leadership exerts its effects. Kearney proposes that as well as being perceived as  ¿Ã‚ ½competent and extraordinary (i.e. transformational), ¿Ã‚ ½ leaders must also be considered deserving of a special status. He then refers to Festinger ¿Ã‚ ½s (1954) social comparison theory that states that people have a natural tendency to evaluate themselves and their abilities (Kearney 2). In teams consisting of members of similar levels of education and qualifications, members will search for legitimate reasons why one among them has been selected to lead. As RAs enforce rules and regulations in residential halls, residents of the same age may question the RAs authority. If students do not fully accept the legitimacy of the status and power of the RAs, it greatly reduces the potential positive impact of the RA. Through studying 49 Research and Development teams in a multinational pharmaceutical company, Kearney hypothesized that  ¿Ã‚ ½the age difference between a team leader and his or her followers moderates the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance such that this relationship is stronger with increasing leader age relative to the team. ¿Ã‚ ½ He examined teams consisting of researchers and technicians who interacted often and worked interdependently toward common team goals. The average mean age of the 49 teams was 38.78 and the mean age of the team leaders was 42.98. After 6 months, the direct supervisor of each team rated team performance. Kearney ¿Ã‚ ½s results indicate that it makes a difference whether transformational leadership is provided by a leader who is older than or close to the same age as the followers. When the leader was older than the other team members, there was a positive relationship between transformational leadership and team performance. He interprets his findings based on the social comparison theory. Kearney states that leaders who are about the same age as the other team members are more likely to be viewed by similarly qualified team members of lacking the  ¿Ã‚ ½legitimacy to occupy a privileged position ¿Ã‚ ½ (Kearney 7). This in turn may make the team identify less with the leader and resist the internalization of the leader ¿Ã‚ ½s visions and values. Kearney does note however, that the non-significant correlations between leader age and both transformational leadership and team performance show that older leaders themselves are neither perceived as more transformational nor are they more effective as leaders than younger leaders. Thus, leaders who are of a similar age as the other team members can be successful as leaders who are older than their followers. Kearney ¿Ã‚ ½s findings do suggest that leaders of a similar age as the followers are less likely to positively affect team performance through transformational behaviors. Application At Skidmore College, students are used to help lead the student body in the residential halls. Students are hired to work as  ¿Ã‚ ½Resident Assistants ¿Ã‚ ½ to help foster a healthy and happy living environment for the students. Resident Assistants generally employ one of three potential leadership styles. These styles are laissez-faire, autocratic and democratic. 1) Laissez-faire: The laissez-faire leadership style has an unusual approach. Rather than actively directing a team to perform a task, the laissez-faire style gives little to no direction. Known as  ¿Ã‚ ½hands off, ¿Ã‚ ½ the laissez-faire system provides freedom an individual team. Although the laissez-faire leadership style in many situations can prove to be controversial and negatively affect the outcome of a group ¿Ã‚ ½s performance, it is not completely useless. Often if people are intrinsically motivated in a particular area the role of an active leader is not prevalent to encourage. The laissez-faire style can also be important and works very well for a team of experienced and trustworthy individuals. For example, consider a construction site with an architect and a five of his workers. The five workers have been building homes for ten years and understand construction very well. In this scenario the architect designed the home laying out the details and materials needed to get the job don e safe and efficiently. Although the architect is the leader, his expertise consists of imagining the home but not necessarily the process of how it is to be built. Based on the architects original plan, the works build the house without any additional guidance from the architect, unless necessary. To clarify further, the architect knows where to put the window, but is not quite as sure how to put it there subsequently trusting his workers to build it. The  ¿Ã‚ ½hands off ¿Ã‚ ½ approach allows the workers to utilize their personalized techniques and work with each other in order to complete the task. The laissez-faire leadership style also applies to residential life at Skidmore College. The jobs of residential assistant aren ¿Ã‚ ½t solely to boss students around and keep order, but also to make student feel comfortable. As new students arrive at school they are filled with an array of emotions including anxiety, excitement, and fear that can make any individual uncomfortable. It is the job of a residential assistant to make the transition easier by creating a welcoming feel and sense of community within the dorm. That does not mean that an RA is responsible for a particular student ¿Ã‚ ½s friend making process, or work balancing skills. In order to expose a new student to the rest of their dormitory without  ¿Ã‚ ½holding ones hand, ¿Ã‚ ½ a laissez-faire approach is an intelligent direction to go in. Fun icebreakers that involve the young adults and allow students to meet each other work significantly well. The RA is initiates the interaction and explains the rules for th e ice-breaker, then steps aside as students take control of the outcome of the game. If the RA gets too involved it can take away from the experience. For returning students, the laissez-faire style is also necessary as these students are experienced and have already gone through the process. Therefore, the returning students do not need much guidance and are fine on their own. In the concept of the laissez- faire behavioral theory, leaders believe that their followers will perform to their greatest ability if they let them  ¿Ã‚ ½respond to their responsibilities and obligations in their own ways ¿Ã‚ ½ (Web Finance. 2010). This principle allows their followers to excel at their own expense and allows them to be accountable for their decision making. This concept gives followers more freedom to work at their own pace and allows them to feel as if they are in charge of themselves. Although this shows that the leader is respecting that there may be different work needs among their workers, this type of leadership method does not always work. Within this laissez-faire concept, the leader may be seen as trying to relinquish his or her tasks that they were originally apportioned (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 81). This style of leadership can cause uncertainties within one ¿Ã‚ ½s position and it can  ¿Ã‚ ½cause interpersonal conflict at work ¿Ã‚ ½ because t here is a poor communication between what the leader wants and what the followers do (Nelson Quick, 2011, pg. 189). Take the role of a resident assistant in a resident at a university. When a resident assistant has his or her first floor meeting with their floor there is usually a discussion about what the rules and expectations of the resident hall. If this resident assistant decides not to set any ground rules or give any direction many conflicts would arise. There would not be a clear and concise framework for this situation which would leave the question,  ¿Ã‚ ½Who exactly is the leader and what does their position really entail? ¿Ã‚ ½ Many of residents would not have any guidance to know how to act when sharing a living space with different people and this could create tension among one another which would later cause disagreements and confusion. To further discuss this point, there was a study that wanted to prove that laissez-faire leadership behavior was considered to be a damaging management behavior within the workplace (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 80). According to the experimenters, some problems this concept caused in the work setting were conflicts and misperceptions about role positions, disagreements among employees, harassment, and  ¿Ã‚ ½ psychological distress ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 80). With these variables, the researchers came up with these five hypotheses to correlate these problems with laissez-faire leadership:  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 1: Experiencing laissez-faire leadership by one ¿Ã‚ ½s immediate superior is associated with high levels of role conflict and role ambiguity ¿Ã‚ ½. (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg.81)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 2: Experiencing laissez-faire leadership by one ¿Ã‚ ½s immediate superior is associated with high conflict levels with coworkers ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 82)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 3: Role stressors and conflicts with coworkers mediated the relationship between superiors ¿Ã‚ ½ laissez-faire leadership and subordinates experienced exposure to bullying at work ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 82)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 4: Superiors ¿Ã‚ ½ laissez-faire leadership is directly associated with subordinates ¿Ã‚ ½ exposure to bullying at work. ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 5: Role stressors, conflicts with coworkers, and bullying mediate the relationship between superiors ¿Ã‚ ½ laissez-faire leadership and psychological distress among the subordinates ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg.84). With these hypotheses in mind, the experimenters mailed surveys to 2,273 Norwegian workers to assess whether or not they were exposed to this type of leadership behavior (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84). The mean age of this sample was 43.4 years and half of the test subjects were women (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84). Skogstad et al. (2007) used a number of testing measures to evaluate the responses of the workers such as one from  ¿Ã‚ ½the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ¿Ã‚ ½ to gain insight on the subjects contact with this leadership style (p. 84). In a portion of the survey, the researchers also used  ¿Ã‚ ½the Bergen Conflict Inventory ¿Ã‚ ½ to find out what types of conflicts the subjects experienced whether it was job-oriented or personal differences among coworkers (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84). Within the results, the experimenters discovered that more than half of the workers  ¿Ã‚ ½experienced a low level of laissez-faire leadership, but that out of all the ot her effects of this concept, there was a sound relationship linked to harassment as well as the other office stressors mentioned before. (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84-85). The reasoning behind this conclusion was when a leader does not meet up to their followers ¿Ã‚ ½ anticipations or show that they are apparent within the workplace, mannerisms such as role conflicts are initiated (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg.86). This study shows how, at times, laissez-faire leadership can be a hindrance in certain organizations and business. 2) Autocratic Leadership: Autocratic leadership is considered to be an outdated, classical style of leadership. Fundamentally, autocratic control places all power into the hands of the leader. In autocratic leadership managers seek to make as many decisions as possible, have the most authority and control in decision making, retain responsibility rather than utilize complete delegation, consult with other colleagues in minimally and prefer to work on the task at hand (Gastil, 1994, pg. 386). The reason autocratic leadership survives, is because it is intuitive, has many short-term benefits and comes naturally to many leaders (Gastil, 1994, pg. 387). Despite having critics, autocratic leadership offers many rewards to managers who emply it. For instance, stress is reduced due to increased control (Gastil, 1994, pg. 387). Also, group productivity often increases under increased surveillance (Gastil, 1994, pg. 388). The oversight that an autocratic manager exerts over a team improves their efficiancy and makes them less likely to be negligent. This is good for under-motivated employees who have little concern or interest in the quality of work and the speed with which that task is accomplished. Also, logistics of operations are improved (Gastil, 1994, pg. 390). Having one leader with in charge of everything makes it more likely that problems are foreseen and deadlines are met. This makes autocratic leadership best for complex projects where efficient cooperation is imperative to success. Faster decision making is another benefit (Gastil, 1994, pg. 392). When only one person makes decisions, choices are made faster. Unfortunately, in most instances, autocratic leadership only leads to short-term improvement and carries grave long-term effects (Gastil, 1994, pg. 393). Even though leading autocratically can cause faster decisions making, the manager is actually hindering his or her workforce from progressing. This is a result of depriving employees of the opportunity to gain experience and learn from their mistakes, which leads to poorer decisions and productivity in the long run (Gastil, 1994, pg. 394). Managers with poor leadership skills with often revert to this leadership style (Gastil, 1994, pg. 394). By assuming all responsibility an autocratic leader naturally works at his or her full capacity. This hyper-focus on work comes at the expense of good leadership development (Gastil, 1994, pg. 396). While autocratic leadership has virtues in certain instances, autocratic leadership is not appreciated by employees. People dislike being ordered around (Gastil, 1994, pg. 396). As a result, the autocratic leadership style can create in a non-motivated workforce. Although autocratic leadership is a good solution for non-motivated workers, it is the leadership style alone that often demotivates employees (Gastil, 1994, pg. 397). After becoming accustomed to receiving orders with little return on cooperation, workers lose the confidence to make their own decisions. Accordingly, workers become ineffective functioning on their own. 3) Democratic Leadership: Democratic Leadership encourages the distribution of responsibility, the use of delegation and continual group input (Woods, 2004, pg. 4). Democratic leadership is characterized by managers seeking assistance on decisions, delegating tasks, welcoming feedback and encouraging others to become leaders (Woods, 2004, pg. 4). The result of this very involved leadership style is a more positive work environment (Woods, 2004, pg. 7). An environment where employees are given responsibility are challenged results in an organization where employees are more inspired to work. Similarly, the process of receiving feedback corresponds with better decision making and effective operations (Woods, 2004, pg. 8). In other words, democratic leaders ¿Ã‚ ½ engagement with employees results in their knowing when something is going wrong, while employees under autocratic rule are discouraged from informing the leader. Another benefit is that democracy breeds creative thinking (Woods, 2004, pg. 10). Unrestricted flow of ideas and positivity is the unsurpassed vehicle for creativity. Reduction of friction and office politics is another reward of democratic leadership. By allowing employees to think freely, managers reduce the amount of tension employees are subject to (Woods, 2004, pg. 11). When autocratic leaders refuse to listen to their workers they are effectively asking to be undermined. Unfortunately, democratic leadership can be in danger of pseudo participation (Woods, 2004, pg. 19). If managers simply pretend to employ democratic leadership to seem friendlier, employees will realize this when their ideas are not actually valued. Accordingly, the manager-employee relationship will be subject to further misfortune.

Physical Punishment :: essays research papers

Physical punishment has been a problem in hitting their children so they can have discipline or not hitting them because it is not right, so what can parents do and what can they not do? Should the parents hit them to learn discipline, or should they not hit them and figure out another way to make them learn what discipline is? Because many parents do not know or are confused in showing their children how to gain discipline they do not know whether to hit them or not to hit them. Many people think that by hitting their children that they are showing them violence but other people say that if you do the children would understand that they did something wrong and would not repeat it and gain discipline. What can parents do? First of all parents feel that the children are theirs, and they can spank them when they misbehave. There are many factors that lead to physical punishment: parents were to young and not ready for children, parents are going trough a divorce and need to take out their anger on something or someone, or parents do not know another way to punish their children. These children grow up to be aggressive and often abusive towards others. Although parents think this is the only way of educating their children there are many other alternatives. There are other alternatives to punishing the children for their bad behavior. Less severe punishments besides spanking. First, they can take away their television privileges, computer use, and playing outside with their friends. Next, they could ground them for the weekend and cancel plans. Last of all parents could take the time to sit and talk to their children about their bad behavior. Physical punishment may cause a child psychological problems. First, if the physical punishment starts at an early age the child will be used to being physically punished, therefore, his or hers self-esteem may severely negative as he or she grows up. Second, it is a life-affecting act to physically punish a child because they will be traumatized. Eventually parents should think twice before they can physically punish their children. What they should think of is what problems they are causing the child in its life. In conclusion every parent must take consideration that the negative affects that spanking may cause a child.

“Chronicle of a Death Foretold” by Gabriel Garcia

â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen) This essay will look at Gabriel Garcia's Chronicle of a Death Foretold and Mariama Ba's So Long a letter in relation to the topic ‘Social and Economic Status as a bane of women Empowerment'. Gabriel Garcia and Mariama Ba in their works have depicted women's eagerness for social and economic status to empower themselves. Women were shown to have gone as far as destroying their children's happiness for their own desires and satisfactions. For example a number of them have used their daughters by marrying them off to men in possession of a good fortune, regardless of what their daughters felt about the men. The women in the forefront who were in the lookout for social and economic status to empower themselves were Pura Vicario from Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Binetou's and Ramatoulaye's mothers and Aunty Nabou, from So Long a Letter. However there are a number of women which were portrayed differently, namely, Ramatoulaye and Aissatou in So Long a Letter, and Alberta Simonds in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Women especially from especially lower class used their daughters as a mean of gaining social and economic status by marrying them off to wealthy men. Their views on their daughters' marriage entailed their own self-centeredness only. Pura Vicario for example in Chronicle of a Death Foretold forced her daughter, Angela Vicario, into marriage with San Bayardo, a very wealthy man; because she believed it would pull her out of poverty towards a more respectable upper class distinction. Angela was not only forced by her mother but also her sisters and when Angela told them that she does not love Bayardo, her mother silenced her by telling her that love can be learned too. â€Å"†¦her parents and her older sisters with their husbands, gathered together in the parlor, imposed on her the obligation to marry a man whom she had barely seen.† (Marquez 34) The twins stayed out of it saying that it looked to them like woman problems. That proves that it were the women in the family who were really concerned about Angela's marriage with Bayardo so that they could be empowered through gaining socio-economic status. However, their dreams of escaping from lower class and gaining socio-economic status came to an ultimate end when Bayardo returned her daughter after he found out that she was not a virgin. Pura saw her daughter's marriage with Bayardo as a golden chance to see herself better off socially and economically, which Pura lamented as they had missed it, all because of Angela who had premarital sex. Similarly, Binetou's mother in So Long a Letter also took advantage of her daughter Binetou. She quickly withdrew her daughter from studies to marry her off to Modou. In Modou she saw his wealth and believed that her daughter's marriage with Modou could empower her and uplift her socio-economic status. So, she also wanted to escape poverty and have socio-economic status as Daba, Ramatoulaye's daughter, described her â€Å"†¦her mother is a woman who wants so much to escape from mediocrity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ba, 36) She was satisfied by Modou's wealth, he promised her a villa, monthly allowance, jewels and a future trip to Mecca. But she made it seem like as if she was worried for the welfare of her daughter and her happiness but her frantic thoughts and tense nerves surrounded herself. She reasoned that it was best if her daughter married a man who could guarantee her a good life. However, it was apparent that she did not really care about her daughter as she did not take into consideration how her daughter felt about Modou and she did not care about her daughter's education either. She saw her welfare in wealth and financial stability, a man twice the age of her daughter or a man with already twelve children did not matter to Binetou's mother. So, it was evident that Binetou's mother's intentions were not for her daughter's good but rather for her own desire to empower herself by gaining socio-economic status. Ramatoulaye's mother also seemed to desire social and economic status. She also in a way preferred her daughter Ramatoulaye to choose wealth over love. She did not like her daughter's choice of Modou amid knowing that they both loved each other; she wanted her to marry Dauda Dieng because of his higher socio-economic status as opposed to Modou, since he was a doctor. Similarly, Aunty Nabou wanted her son Mawdo to marry someone from the same caste to upkeep the family's status. She totally regretted his marriage to a goldsmith's daughter Aissatou. Aunty Nabou saw her son, a man of higher caste marrying a blacksmith daughter, as a humiliation to her and a stain to her generation. Therefore, she decided to bring her brother, Farba Diouf's daughter Young Nabou to marry her with her son. She educated Nabou before forcing Mawdo to marry her telling him that she will die of shame in the society if he did not accept, so Mawdo accepted. She did so because she wanted to preserve her socio-economic status which she felt was under threat when her son chose to marry outside and someone from a lower caste. So, Aunty Nabou to preserve her social class disregarded her son's happiness which laid in Aissatou because he truly loved her and she loved him. However, Aunty Nabou did not see this, she only saw her as a goldsmith's daughter and hence she saw her socio-ec onomic status as of more importance than her son's happiness. The only people who stood out differently were Ramatoulaye and Aissatou in So Long a Letter and Albarta Simonds in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. They were the only characters who knew the importance of love in marriage and had put love prior to wealth or socio-economic status. They knew that marriage should consist of love, financial stability, and happiness, rather than just financial stability or socio-economic status. Ramatoulaye despite being proposed to by a millionaire Dauda, she went on to marry Modou whom she loved as she said â€Å"†¦ I preferred the man in the eternal khaki suit.† (Ba, 16) So she married considered love as of more importance than wealth. She refused Dauda even after Modou's death. She too could have opted to marry Dauda and escaped mediocrity and financial burden. Also, she could have enjoyed a higher socio-economic status than before by marrying Dauda, but she did not do so because she did not love him and she knew that this act of her would destroy another woman's life; the woman who was already married to Dauda. Ramatoulaye, herself was cheated by her husband and therefore knew how it feels, so she did not want to Dauda's current wife to go through the same as she was. Aissatou was also one of the few who knew the importance of love and happiness in marriage and had put love prior to wealth and socio-economic status. She divorced her husband Mawdo and went away when he took a second wife, Young Nabou, which shows that she did not want to share her husband and could not bear to see her husband with another woman in her house. That showed the importance of, love, financial stability, and happiness as a whole in marriage to Aissatou rather than financial stability or socio-economic status alone. Alberta Simonds, Bayardo's mother is the only woman who is seen to be completely different. Alberta did not resist her son's marriage to Angela who was not only someone from outside their generation but also someone from a lower caste. So, unlike Aunty Nabou in Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Alberta did not see her son's marriage to Angela as a humiliation or threat to their social and economic status. Perhaps she was aware of son Bayardo's love for Angela and therefore she saw her as the right girl for him. In conclusion, it can be clearly seen social and economic status as a bane of women empowerment. Women sought of empowering themselves through social and economic status by marrying of their daughters to a man with good fortune. Their views on marriage of their daughters entailed their own self-centeredness as they were mainly concerned about their own selfish struggle and fears of financial stability and a secured future. Love was never a factor for the mothers in the marriage of their daughters; they did not care how their daughters' felt about the man. Mariama Ba and Gabriel Garcia show that those women strongly believed that a person's worthiness is not determined by personality or love but by wealth. The only importance they saw was financial stability and socio-economic status, unlike a few other characters that were aware of the importance of love, financial stability, and happiness as a whole.

Seattle Research Paper

Seattle Research Paper Seattle Research Paper 1A Seattle Washington is not a major multiracial or multiethnic city. The white race, at 70.1% of the population, is the majority race within the city. The Asian population fallows behind at 13.1%. Soon after that is the Black population at 8.4%. The American Indian population of 1.0%, the Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander population of 0.5%, and other races of 2.5% finishes the city’s population percentages. (1) Because the white population has a heavy majority over the other races the spatial distribution is very widespread. The white population lives in both suburban and urban Seattle. The white population also lives in Tacoma as well as Everett; two areas not heavily resided in by other races. Whites, unlike the other races in Seattle do not tend to live in the suburb directly to the east of the downtown area. The white population also takes up residency in the area north of Seattle all the way through Everett. They also live south of Seattle even past the suburban Tacoma area. Whites have also taken residence in Mercer Island which is an area that other races tend not to reside. The Black population is spread as far as the white population, but does not have the same density as the white population. The area where there is the highest Black population is the suburban area directly east of downtown Seattle. The Asian population again is equally widespread as the white population but is not as dense. This population has its highest density in the same suburb to the west of downtown as the black population with about equal numbers in this area. But unlike the Black population the Asian population has higher numbers in the area towards the north of Seattle. The Hispanic population tends to spread northward of Seattle but is clustered within the city. This population most notably does not take residency in the suburb to the west of Seattle where the other minority races do. The Native American population tends to fallow the same distribution patterns as the Hispanic population. All remaining races are very spread out but clusters in the same area the Hispanic and Native American population does. The ancestors who first moved to Seattle were spread across the region not living in one particular area. 1B The main physical factor the creates an obstacle for Seattle residents is water. The city has the Puget Sound to the west and Lake Washington to the east. Because of this many people do not reside past these obstacles and live on the south and north side of Seattle. The population that lives on Bainbridge Island, the island directly across the Puget Sound, will tend to have a higher income and has more of availability to extended and alternate transportation. The population living across Lake Washington must have their own form of driven transportation available due to the lack of a mass transit system that far out of the main downtown area. As all of the population maps show many residents do not stray far from interstate 5 which leads directly into the city. The interstate spans south through Tacoma, north through Everett and just outside of the city splitting the downtown area from the suburb directly east of the main city. However this suburb is not cut off from the main city and has public transportation. Tacoma is also a popular suburb for lower income populations because it receives a mass transit light rail. This allows residents to travel to and from the city without the need of a car. The suburb to the north of Seattle is heavily populated by the white population. This suburb receives little public transportation buses and no light rail services. Interstate 5 does run straight through this area so the majority of the residents do need a car or other self transportation. The Everett area receives neither public transportation nor light rail but interstate 5 does run by the suburb. 1C The Seattle area has a lot of public transportation, mass transit, as well as a major interstate system within the city as well as

The Purpose of Life

The Purpose of Life Free Online Research Papers Life is a big trap. As the great philosopher Hume once said that we are put on the big stage of life, being concealed from why everything happens. We have no wisdom to foretell the future, nor can we prevent those unfortunate things from happening. We are suspended in the eternal air of unknown and fear. We don’t know why our lives began. It’s out of our control. One day, our parents came together and said to each other, why don’t we have a baby? Then, a baby was done. Our lives may be just an accident at the very beginning. We don’t know the purpose of our lives. You may imagine you are the chosen people of the God, but you can never know for sure. Every day, there are people who choose to commit suicide out of pain of living. It’s said that there’s a heaven after here, and there’s perpetual happiness in the heaven. But you can never know for sure because it is also said that there’s a hell. We are trapped here on the earth between birth and death, not knowing when and where is our terminal station. Fortunately, life is an enchanting trap. Life also gives us gifts. He gives us enormous energy to explore the unknown world and the joy of getting to know; he gives us wisdom to change the world and create meaningful things and the bliss out of achievements; most importantly, he gives us heart to feel the unknown but beautiful world. We are young; we own every new sun in every morning. But what if one day we were told that tomorrow would not be our another spare day? Life recently re-taught me the beauty of being living. I was hospitalized following a severe cough which brought out several mouthfuls of blood. At first, I thought I’d got a cancer. I felt death was coming for me. I never thought about I would be caught by a fatal disease before; I never thought about being deprived of tomorrow so quickly; also, I never thought about tomorrow would turn out to be so beautiful only because I was later told by the doctor that it’s not a fatal disease! At the same time, tens of thousands of people lost their lives in the earthquake. The whole country was thrown into a great shock and enormous grief. The disaster once again told us the truth of the fragility of our lives, in such a cruel way! Those who have gone are gone forever; It is responsibility of us who are still living to cherish our lives. â€Å"Come on, China!† All Chinese people get united and shout loudly. To me, â€Å"come on, China.† means â€Å"come on, everybody.† Whenever life seems hard to endure, come on! It is until now when we really get trapped under the earth, being in the darkness, not able to move that we begin to realize how much life has long been given us: freedom, sunshine, water, food, etc. Life is enchanting because it teaches. The value of it is seldom known until it is lost. Another grand essential that makes life enchanting is love. Parents’ love, love between man and woman, and love between friends, all are ingredients that make our life sweet and fragrant. Love opens the door of our hearts to let others in and blend with you jubilantly in both sorrows and happiness of life. As what has been elaborated by the American thinker Emerson: â€Å"When something sensational happens to us, sharing the happiness of the occasion with friends intensifies our joy. Conversely, in times of trouble and tension, when our spirits are low, unburdening our worries and fears to compassionate friends alleviates the stress.† With love, life gets us enchanted. At last, life is also enchanting because of work. Although more than once people find work tiring and dream of eternal relaxation without any work, work is a significant source of human satisfaction and happiness. The American journalist David Grayson said, â€Å"Happiness, I have discovered, is nearly always a rebound from hard work.† Work, like food, gives us the essential nutrition of life. We apply our wisdom and creativity in work, through which we prove our value, draw sense of achievement and get the meaning of our lives. Research Papers on The Purpose of LifeLifes What Ifs19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

AQ-TD#1 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AQ-TD#1 8 - Essay Example Influence can be generated through trustworthiness, competence and credibility. By influencing the other nurses, an advocate can build a case for the needed change (Almidei, 2010). Additionally, it is vital to establish positive, cooperative relationships with the other nurses in order to have them in the advocacy. Collaboration would allow the advocate to share a common goal with the other nurses. With this, the advocate would include the other nurses by involving them in the development of the common goals and strategies on how to attain the desired change (Almidei, 2010). Arguably, developing a collaborative relationship with nurses in other departments would make a valuable contribution. However, collaboration would be effective with communication to the other nurses. In essence, advocacy depends on communication. In order to bring the other nurses to share with the advocacy, an advocate would require to communicate the issue to the other nurses in order to convince them to join him or her (Mason et al., 2011). This would serve as a way of including other nurses in the