Televised Violence causes Aggression in Young Boys

Televised Violence causes Aggression in Young Boys Young boys are evidently influenced by things in their environment such as media, peers, and family. Elementary school aged boys are influenced easily because these are critical years in developing their sense of individuality and social skills with their peers. The vulnerably of young boys are a reason why they are a target of the popular culture of displaying television violence because they have rarely encountered it in previous years so they find that fighting is intriguing from the action to the cartoon characters in the shows. The children television networks have a choice on what they air, so instead of making a children’s network, like cartoon network, age appropriate shows†¦show more content†¦Meaning a violent influence like fighting, cursing, and weapons can have a negative effect on the child’s behavior. When young boys watch violent television, the aggressive behavior that it may influence, will only contribution to the increased aggression in their future. The movies, television and even video games can influence aggressive behavior depending on the child. Violence in the media inevitable, but this effects young boys in many ways, like causing aggressive behavior. So exactly what does aggression mean that televised violence causing elementary school aged boys to become. According to Michael Thomas from PBS Parent, â€Å"aggression is a forceful action, the process of making attacks, hostile, injurious, or behavior caused by frustration† (Thompson, n.d.). From this definition, it may make parent infer that all boys are aggression by how they play. This would not be true. Boys are going to be boys, meaning that they will wrestle and play out TV show scenes, so when boys play fight it does not always mean they are aggressive. Some signs that point out aggression, Thomas states, include â€Å"physical fighting, name-calling, and rough-housing that results in inju ryâ€Å" (Thompson, n.d.). These acts are different from just playing, because the child, in the sense, tries to hurt another child on purpose because they are not being heard or are misunderstood and haveShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On Our Attitudes And Behavior Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact on young people s attitudes behaviors and health. This article will focus on media effects on children’s and adolescent’s behavior, such as aggression and violence, and children’s exposure to media advertising and its influence on children’s social values and norms. Does violence in media such as television, video games, films, the internet and social media fuel violence in the real world? This question has been discussing for many years; however, research proven that media violence promotesRead MoreEssay on Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura3891 Words   |  16 Pageseveryday life would be exceedingly trying if one could arrive at solutions to problems only by actually performing possible options and suffering the consequences.1 His social learning theory concentrates on the power of example. THE SPREAD OF TV VIOLENCE THROUGH MODELING Banduras major premise is that we can learn by observing others. He considers vicarious experience to be the typical way that human beings change. He uses the term modeling to describe Campbells two midrange processes of responseRead MoreBad Impact of Cartoons on the Minds of the Youngs1969 Words   |  8 PagesBad impact of indian cartoons on the minds of our young children Introduction: The mass media occupy a high proportion of our leisure time: people spend, on average, 25 hours per week watching television. For children, watching television takes up a similar amount of time to that spent at school or with family and friends. Children have become much more interested in cartoons over many years and it has become a primary action to some lives. Typically, children begin watching cartoons on televisionRead MoreSocial Learning Theory and The Effect of TV Violence on Children2115 Words   |  9 PagesEffect of TV Violence on Children In the United States children watch an average of three to fours hours of television daily (Cantor Wilson, 1984, p. 28). Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior. Unfortunately, much of todays television programming is violent. Studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may become insensitive to violence. Consequently, they tend to gradually accept violence as a way toRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On The Entertainment Industry Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesrespective genders to be a perfect â€Å"fit† for society. Even though this idea is not directly endorsed in advertisements and other images in the media, it can be implied due to the repetition of the particular ideas in these images of men and women. From a young age, males and females are conditioned to idealize the repetitive images, found in various forms of media. Bogt generalizes the basis of gender stereotypes that exist across both genders and are glorified by visuals in advertisements and the entertainmentRead MoreViolance in Schools Causes Deviant Behavior3218 Words   |  13 PagesViolence among our youth has spread widely throughout the nation. This can be linked to several problems in our society, but mainly one. The constant barrage of television and media violence causes deviant behavior in children. When children are young they are very impressionable by the things around them. Often kids are influenced by what they see. If kids are watching shows or being introduced to violent acts they too will tend to act out this violence (Huesmann and Eron, 1986). The resultsRead MoreNegative Impact of Media Violence on Children1704 Words   |  7 PagesViolence in entertainment is as old as civilization itself. In the e arlier centuries Romans would delight themselves by cheering on gladiators fought themselves to death. Dramatic theater was also full of jealousy, retribution, and violence. Although entertainment violence is not new it wasn’t until the twentieth century that heavy doses of violence were made available to vastly everyone. Over the past one hundred years, as mass media has become more prevalent, it has also become more violent. InRead MoreMedia Violence or Myth?2593 Words   |  11 PagesMedia violence is a topic that has warranted much discussion from active citizens, critics, and scientific researchers on both sides of the argument. In order to better understand the media violence debate a clear definition of violence, or aggression, must be established. However, one of the reasons that the heated discussion over media violence even exists is because of the difficulty in accomplishing this task. â€Å"Aggression is a highly complex phenomenon, whose etiology includes a wi de varietyRead MoreMedia Violence For The Canadian Radio Television And Telecommunications Commission Essay2081 Words   |  9 Pageswhat causes violence and aggression in our youth, whether we analyze media content or explore the everyday aggressive behavior that may cause violent behavior, Individual studies define these notions in a lot of different ways; Thus, the rules of the game are constantly changing for those who try to analyze the situation as a whole. The difficulty in quantifying aggression and violence in ways that make it almost impossible to answer the following question: Does violence in the media cause peopleRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Television Programs On Children3428 Words   |  14 Pagesmany years, there has been an ongoing argument that claims that the violence watched in television programs has an effect on the type and amount of aggression children display. Researchers believe there is a correlation between childhood aggression and the degree of viol ence they view on television. Additionally, the way parents explain the violence children view has a direct influence on how children interpret and display aggression. The research discussed in this paper will explore the effects violent

Child Victims Of Sexual Abuse Essay - 2319 Words

Many children that are sexually assaulted have many deficit after the assault. Corwin Keeshin (2011) states in sexual abuse, genital injuries may result in acute pain and increase the risk of long-lasting effects such as sexual dysfunction, urinary problems, sexually transmitted infections such as human immunodeficiency virus and reproductive problems. (p.2). Sexual abuse is not only physical but it is psychological as well as is it emotional. Especially with being sexually abuse, the child would be in so much pain, and at the same time try to figure out what just happening to them. Not just that there is a chance that they might get diseases like sexually transmitted diseases, but they may experience dysfunction in their body like urinary problem because their bodies has not fully developed. The other side effect according to Corwin Keeshin (2011) some child victims of sexual abuse display few initial effects, the majority show some signs of posttraumatic stress, and more than one -third meet diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Another effect that this may have according to Corwin Keeshin (2011) is increased anxiety, fears, emotional lability, depression, oppositional and conduct disorders, and substance abuse are other reported sequelae to sexual abuse. Interpersonal difficulties, increased rates of re-victimization later in life, and increased risk for suicide are encountered more frequently among child sexual abuse (p. 2). This risk isShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Young Victims Of Child Sexual Abuse1464 Words   |  6 Pagestreatment of young victims of child sexual abuse can be demanding for the victim, the victim’s family, and the counselor. The trauma associated with the abuse and the time it may take the child to heal can become very overwhelming. There are barriers, such as a lack of family support and lack of disclosure, which may block victims of child sexual abuse from successful treatment. Overcoming these barriers and incorporating multiple methods of treatment can be beneficial for the victim. Specifically, trauma-focusedRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse by Female Perpetrators: A Qualitative Study of Male and Female Victims955 Words   |  4 PagesDenov, Myriam S. 2004. The Long-Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse by Female Perpetrators: A Qualitative Study of Male and Female Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 19(10):1137-1156 The research that is done in this article is exploratory. The researchers are exploring the long term effect of child sexual abuse by female perpetrators. â€Å"This qualitative study explores the experience and long-term impact of sexual abuse by women.† (Denov 1137) This is an exploratory studyRead MoreIntroduction. Many Studies Have Examined The Perceptions898 Words   |  4 Pagesabused victims have an increased chance of becoming sexual offenders themselves in the later future. The topic I chose to study involves the relationship between male and female victims of previous sexual abuse and the likelihood of reoffending. I decided to explore this topic since there does not appear to be much research that compares the gender aspects of sexual abuse and if there is a significant difference between genders and reoffending. Most studies compare both male and female victims of sexualRead MoreFrom the beginning of a child’s life, he/she holds the key to their own destin y. However, this is1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthe key to their own destiny. However, this is no longer the case when child sexual abuse is brought in as a factor. In surveys conducted, it was indicated that six percent to sixty-two percent of women and two percent to fifteen percent of men have been victims of sexual abuse as a child (Finkelhor 79). That was not their choice. Abuse is the result of force - not from a person’s willingness to fulfill an act. Victims also have to cope with the aftereffects brought onto them by their attackersRead MoreBackground And Consequences Of Child Sexual Abuse1585 Words   |  7 PagesResponses to Child Sexual Abuse in Nigeria, author do hope this piece of paper will bring the light on relevant facts and concerned authorizes take some steps to make the condition better. Chapter I: Background and Consequences of Child Sexual Abuse Introduction Sexual forcefulness is a common occurrence and happens worldwide. Data obtainable proposes that in some countries nearly one in five women report sexual forcefulness by a familiar partner. Also up to one third of girls report enforced sexual instigationRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse Within The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesChild Sexual Abuse: It’s Prevalence and Severity in The United States Today, Americans fail to realize the prevalence and severity of child sexual abuse within the United States. Though crimes of adult rape are of equal importance, the sexual victimization of children, ages seventeen and under, accounted for nearly 70% of all reported sexual assault cases in 2015. To further the issue, arrests were made in only 29% of these child sexual abuse cases; this means that for every ten sexual abuse casesRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse Is A Problem That Affects People Around The Globe Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Child abuse or maltreatment is a problem that affects people around the globe. â€Å"In every country, studies have established a prevalence of abuse far exceeding the scope of the problem that would be inferred from the number of cases that were officially reported† (Finkelhor, 1984). While there are different forms of child abuse or maltreatment which include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and child neglect, sexual abuse is the most common form. The scope of this paper willRead MoreSexal Abuse in America Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the United States, sexual abuse is more common that one may think and is not always understood to it’s full definition. In fact, in her book, Why Me? Help for Victims of Child Sexual Abuse (Even If They Are Adults Now), Lynn B. Daugherty, Ph.D., states that one in every four children are subject to some type of sexual abuse by the time they are eighteen years old. That means twenty-five percent of children some form of sexual abuse before they are adults. Although it is often thought ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Abuse On Children Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are individuals who act on horrible inexplicable instincts such as molesting a child or even to the point of sexually abusing a child. We as a society are constantly bombarded with reports of extreme sexual abuse cases of children and even infants. When we read or see a report of sexual abuse in the news the first thing that comes to mind is, what sick individual would think to do that to such an innocent child. More often than not the culprit ends up being an individual that fits the profileRead MoreSexual Assault Essay examples1113 Words   |  5 PagesSexual Assault described in technical terms is defined as any sort of sexual activity between two or more people in which one of the people involved is involved against his or her will. (3) The description of against his or her will extends to varying degrees of aggressi on, ranging from indirect pressure to a direct physical attack. While sexual assaults are associated with the crime of rape, it may cover assaults which would not be considered rape. What constitutes a sexual assault is determined

The Personal Development, Health and Physical Education Free Essays

The necessity for the furtherance of vigorous, hale and hearty lifestyles among the children and youth is immense. More and more children and youth are subjected to ample social evils and actions that expose their health and lifestyles at peril. This is substantiated by mounting reports of low self-esteem, insufficient nutrition, family troubles, strain, increased drop-out rates, aggression among youths, sexual activity from a young age, rise in smoking habits, reduced physical work, growing incidence of portliness and rise in health risks caused due to more and more desk work among the youth of our nation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Personal Development, Health and Physical Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The personal development, health and physical education or PD/H/PE is very important to every feature of the standard growth and development of children and youth- not just bodily but social and emotional development also. (A Global Vision for School Physical Education, 1995) Better education, enhanced attentiveness, refined self-control and poise as also promotion of healthy, encouraging and lasting attitudes towards personal development, health and Physical education are well preserved advantages of excellent personal development and physical education in educational institutions. Moreover, personal development, health and Physical education begins the foundation of expertise of skills for involvement throughout the life while concurrently developing an automatic shielding effect against a lot of ailments due to lifestyle associated habits like desk work. With families and social institutions undergoing a revolutionary change, a lot of people more and more turn to educational institutions for an answer. The school is the organization possessing the capability to definitely influence mindsets and behaviors of every child and addresses youngsters as a cohesive group irrespective of sex, age, potential, racial or socio-economic position. (A Global Vision for School Physical Education, 1995) In this paper, we shall deal with a literature review to understand the teacher’s perceptions towards the value of personal development, health and Physical education. The sentimental temperament of the teacher might put a deep influence on the mindset of the student to PD/H/PE and thereafter put a major impact on the student’s personal development, health and physical education that he faces. S. Smith during 1993 stated that the approach of the teacher was one of the most important factors in the achievement of primary PD/H/PE programs. While elucidating the reason behind non-adherence of physical education in the manner as planned in the curriculum, a lot of clarifications in the writings frequently allude to the teacher, generally specifying the primary teacher as lacking in knowledge, eagerness and making age and gender responsible for it. The duty for planning, teaching and reviewing PD/H/PE is the responsibility of the generalist classroom in a NSW primary school. But, the generalist teachers in this study do not constitute a cohesive class in their mind-set to or engages themselves in imparting personal development, health and Physical education. Age was continuously recognized as an important factor of alarm for the teacher’s views towards the importance of PD/H/PE. In a research on â€Å"Teachers’ Perceptions of Physical Education in NSW Primary Schools† it was comprehended that a clear gender imbalance is present among the teachers in primary schools the ratio being three female teacher for every male teacher. This automatically does not prove the teacher’s apparent potential to teach physical education. Nearly all the teachers in this age group state possess a positive experience of personal development, health and Physical education and sporting activity. Therefore a lot of teachers within the 20-30 year age bracket offer an encouraging viewpoint to the teaching and learning scopes meant for students. Their pre-service courses assumed presented increased resilience, with a several teachers falling under this group having passed an important course of study in personal development, health and Physical education. These teachers point out that PD/H/P/E is accorded major precedence in their schools. They place more weight to personal development, health and Physical education and have increased confidence to tutor a wider array of physical activities. Teachers’ Perceptions of Physical Education in NSW primary schools) The researches in this study make out that the majority of the teachers within the 20-30 age brackets have the same level of keenness on the theme of personal development, health and Physical education irrespective of gender. Certainly the lady teachers in this class frequently show an eagerness to instruct throughout a wide array of PD/H/PE activities compared to their male fellow workers. But, in case of those whose age is more than 30 years, male teachers normally enjoy increased satisfaction with their capability to impart personal development, health and physical education, save a lot who are not content with their capability to teach dance. The teachers in the higher age group especially the 41-50 and more than 51 years of age have decreased chances to be content with their capability to instruct about the vastness of PD/H/PE. They regard personal development, health and physical education to be of lower importance and give lesser scope in case of students to attain the results of the curriculum. Several teachers in the above age bracket were worried with legal liability matters, their dearth of training and potential to be idols and the potential to exhibit proficiencies to their classes. (Teachers’ Perceptions of Physical Education in NSW primary schools) Some researchers such as Faucette Patterson, Lawson Stevens and Portman have discovered that several non-specialist teachers reserve downbeat thoughts on personal development, health and physical education and doubt its value for children. Several more new researches have tried to examine these realms by Xiang et al and Faulkner Reeves, but added research is required to examine the attitudinal temperament of non-experts and experts and to contrast outcomes for various categories of pre-service and in-service teachers. Xiang et al investigated the attitudinal temperament and thinking of pre-service classroom teachers prior to and following a fields-based course applying two open-ended questions. Upon finishing the course, 50% of the pre-service classroom teachers mentioned that they were reluctant to teach PD/H/PE. It was revealed by Xiang et al. that a lot of classroom teachers that they are not trained to teach personal development, health and physical education after examining the intricate type of PD/H/PE teaching. In the opinion of Portman, it is vital that the attitudinal temperament of teachers is approved in the growth of suitable personal development, health and physical education teacher education courses, as pre-service opinions of the teachers regarding the PD/H/PE might require confrontation or harmonized. Several researchers have mentioned that initial experiences in school in PD/H/PE give potential teachers with a huge spectrum of information regarding physical education, which is likely to influence approaches, idea, and teaching practices. (Morgan; Bourke; Thompson, 2002) Taking a cue from a life history research of 11 women, Emma Rich discovered the manner in which a team of freshly skilled female. PD/H/PE teachers built the ‘dilemma’ of girls’ comparatively decreased involvement in personal development, health and physical education. It is recommended that, whereas these women willingly articulated a wish to alter the gendered characteristics of PD/H/PE at the time of teaching their stature were most vehemently directed to a discussion of liberal individualism billing ‘girls’ as a dilemma in personal development, health and physical education. However, there are also methods wherein teachers might initiate to take steps witnessing girls as ‘problems’ within personal development, health and physical Education by depicting on a knowledge of physical culture and developing automatic habits in teacher education. In the opinion of Jinhee Kim and Andrews Taggart, three reasons surfaced which represented the negative discernment of personal development, health and physical education: the low condition of physical education program, teacher’s detachment with the subject matter, and their absence of pedagogical knowledge. It was finally arrived that teachers at the primary school level possess a very narrow perception of their duties for executing PD/H/PE programs and appear to a part of the sustainable stillness attributed to physical education classes in primary schools. Gold holds the opinion that several of the researches evaluated in literature on the views of teachers towards the importance of personal development, health and physical education point out that the maximum difficulties faced by teachers were irresistible experiences of disenchantment and thinking that they were not capable to adjust with the plethora of strain faced daily, and that to fight out that difficulty thought must be applied to find out the type of facilities required for initiating teachers and to devising efficient back-up programs. Unluckily the likely dearth or shortage of supportive programs in the early years of teaching might just enhance the rate of teachers to quit for greener pastures. Woods proposed that similar mounting stress on the teacher often totally aggravate the educational objectives and raise an advanced concern to the completeness of the encounter, which is of existence. With this special apprehension, the opinion of Wood is that teachers build endurance policies and that they are inclined to be employed in acts like domination, socialization, brotherhood, for students. (Hardy, 1999) Substantiation can be found that teachers who comprehend the importance of, and are capable of working by undertaking a strategy, the interactive factors impacting their independent workplace circumstances are starting to relocate their programs as more fundamental to their whole school’s educational culture and objectives. These growths indicate ardently at methods of qualified regeneration in case of a lot of teachers with whom we have worked on sport education projects. (Alexander; Taggart; Thorpe, 1997) Teachers contributed an important part in furtherance of the value of personal development, health and Physical education in America. The literature evaluation allowed revealing that the approach of the teacher was one of the most important factors in the accomplishment of primary personal development, health and physical education programs. One of the causes for the lack of success of these programs is ascribed to the teacher as being poorly prepared, dearth of interest, unenthusiastic attitudes towards personal development, health and physical education, doubting its importance for children and even making age and gender responsible. The disparity in age and gender facilitated to understand the disparities in the discernment of the teachers in connection to personal development, health and physical education. Nevertheless, the literature showed no countrywide qualitative researches of teachers’ belief of directives about personal development, health and physical education. How to cite The Personal Development, Health and Physical Education, Papers

Lord Chesterfield free essay sample

It reads â€Å"moroseness, the imperiousness, or the garrulity of† (line 7). Chesterfield is explaining how he understands advice does not always want to be heard, no matter how important it may be. This rhetorical device helps to reveal his values because it amplifies his feelings toward the advice he’s giving. There are also two similes in the first paragraph, â€Å"dictate as a parent† (line 17) and â€Å"advise as a friend†. These similes are addressing the same thing. Chesterfield doesn’t want to command Philip to do anything such as a parent would, but he strongly suggests it. This rhetorical device helps the reader determine the author’s personality, gentle yet firm. Towards the end of the first paragraph, there is an effective, colossal metaphor. It is â€Å"of those thorns and briars which scratched and disfigured me† (lines 23- 24). This rhetorical device refers to old age and bad choices. It can be argued as a hyperbole because it is doubtful to actually happen, but is effective as a choice of words. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Chesterfield or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It shows that, as an older person, he knows the importance of how choices can alter your life. There is also an allusion in paragraph one. It reads â€Å"womanish weakness for your person† (lines 28- 29). This shows that Chesterfield has little parental love for Philip. The context of the rhetorical device is explaining that he’s always been concerned for his well-being. In the second paragraph a hyperbole is used, â€Å"everybody knows† (line 44). It is an extreme exaggeration saying that everybody knows something. However, using this rhetorical device is effective in getting Chesterfield’s point across. When someone is exaggerating like this, it brings a certain amount of passion into the situation. It could be that Chesterfield doesn’t want the extra education that â€Å"everybody knows† about and he paid for to go to waste. At the end of the second paragraph, there is a metaphor. It states â€Å"one may as well not know a thing at all, as know it but imperfectly† (lines 52- 53). Even though this rhetorical device is using like or as, it is not directly comparing the two things like a simile. Chesterfield uses this metaphor to say that no one should halfway know something. You either know it or you don’t. Authors often use rhetorical strategies to reveal values. They help the reader get a sense of their tone. After reading and thoroughly analyzing the rhetorical devices, one can come to a conclusion. Chesterfield cares for his son, but not lovingly like a parent. He wants Philip to think of him as a friend and provider and to take the advice he gives him. His advises Philip to not waste the time he has on this earth. Chesterfield knows how important it is to live life as well as possible. Chesterfield wants his son to succeed in life, and uses rhetorical devices to enhance his beliefs.

Business Ethics free essay sample

Disclosure the fcpa requires corporations to fully disclose any and all transactions conducted with foreign officials and politicians Prohibition the fcpa incorporated the wording of the bank secrecy act and the mail fraud act to prohibit the movement of funds overseas for the express purpose of conducting a fraudulent scheme -facilitation payments-payments that are acceptable (legal) provided they expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action -routine governmental action- any regular administrative process or procedure, excluding any action taken by a foreign official in the decision to award new or continuing business What is a routine governmental action? see above definition but examples are: providing permits, licenses, or other official documents to qualify a person to do business in a foreign country -processing governmental papers such as visas and work orders -providing police protection, mail pickup and delivery, or scheduling inspections associated w ith contract performance or inspections related to transit of goods across a country Providing phone service, power, and water supply; loading and unloading cargo; or protecting perishable products or commodities from deterioration -performing actions of a similar nature The key distinction in identifying bribes was the exclusion of any action taken by a foreign official in the decision to award new or continuing business. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such decisions being the primary target of most questionable payments were not deemed to be routine governmental action How many principles are in the Defense Industry Initiative, what are they? 6 * Each company will have and adhere to a written code of business ethics and conduct * The company’s code will establish the high values expected of its employees and the standards by which they must judge their own conduct nd that of their organization; each company will train its employees concerning their personal responsibilities under the code * Each company will create a free and open atmosphere that allows and encourages employees to report violations of its code to the company without fear of retribution for such reporting * Each company will have the obligation to self-govern by monitoring compliance with federal procurement laws and adopting procedures for voluntary disclosure of violations of federal procurement laws and corrective actions taken * Each company will have the responsibility to each of the other companies in the industry to live by standards of conduct that preserve the integrity of the defense industry * Each company must have public accountability for its commitment to these principles What are the most important regulations covered under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations? Federal sentencing guidelines for organizations hold business liable for the criminal acts of their employees and agents, important regs are the culpability score meaning the calculation of a degree of blame or guilt that is used as a multiplier of up to four times the base fine. The culpability score can be adjusted according to aggravating or mitigating factors Aggravating factors- -high-level personnel were involved in or tolerated the criminal activity -the organization willfully obstructed justice -the organization had a prior history of similar misconduct the current offense violated a judicial order, injunction or con dition of probation Mitigating factors; -the organization had an effective program to prevent and detect violations of law -the organization self-reported the offense to appropriate governmental authorities, fully cooperated in the investigation, and accepted responsibility for the criminal conduct , second reg- death penalty-where the fine is set high enough to match all the organization’s assets-and basically put the organization out of business. This warranted where the organization was operating primarily for a criminal purpose What are the most important regulations covered under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, what is title IX? arbanes-oxley act is a legislative response to the corporate accounting scandals of the early 2000s that covers the financial management of business. I still need to put the most important regulations, Creates more penalties for White collar crimes. It makes each member of the Management Team sign the financial statement and they are now responsible for anything on those statements. -It creates an oversight board for Accounting Firms. title IX is white-collar crime penalty enhancements -provides that any person who attempts to commit white-collar crimes will be treated under the law as if the person had committed the crime -requires CEOs and CFOs to certify their periodic reports and imposes penalties for certifying a misleading or fraudulent report. What is an internal whistle blower what is an external whistle blower? -Internal is when an employee discovers corporate misconduct and brings it to the attention of their supervisor who then follows established procedures to address the misconduct within the organization -external is when an employee discovers corporate misconduct and chooses to bring it to the attention of law-enforcement agencies and/or the media When is it unethical to blow the whistle? * That the employee is motivated by the opportunity for financial gain or media attention * -employee is carrying out an individual vendetta against the company What are the most important regulations addressed by the whistleblower act of 1989? imposed specific performance deadlines in processing whistleblower complaints -guaranteed the anonymity of the whistle-blower -required prompt payment of any portion of the settlement to which the whistle-blower would be entitled -employees who prevail were entitled to damages which may inc lude: -reinstatement to the same seniority status that the employee would have had but for the adverse employment action -back pay -interest -all compensatory damages to make the employee whole -special damages including litigation costs, reasonable attorney fees and costs, experts witness fess, and all relief necessary to make the employee whole Ch. 8 What is an intranet and what is an extranet? Intranet – a company’s internal web site containing information for employees only -Extranet- a private piece of a company’s internet network that is made available to customers and/or vendor partners on the basis of secured access by unique password What is telecommuting? -the ability to work outside of your office (from your home or anywhere else) and log in to your company network (usually via a secure gateway such as a VPN, virtual private network) What is Packet-sniffing? -a software that can intercept, analyze, and archive all communications on a network, including employee email, chat sessions, file sharing, and internet browsing. Employees who use the workplace network to access personal email accounts are not provided by the company are not protected. Their private accounts, as long as they are accessed on workplace network or phone lines can be monitored What is a smart ID card? -Can track an employee’s location while they are on the move through the workplace Ch 9 What are developed nations, what are less developed nations? -Developed nations is a country that enjoys a high standard of living as measured by economic, social, and technological criteria -Less-developed is a country that lacks the economic, social, and technological infrastructure of a developed nation What is a conglomerate versus a multinational corporation (MNC) -Conglomerate- -multinational corporation is a company that provides and sells products and services across multiple national borders What is the Global Code of ethics? a general standard of business practice that can be applied equally to all countries over and above their local customs and social norms What is addressed by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act? What is the Global Compact? -a volunta ry corporate citizenship initiative endorsing 10 key principles that focus on four key areas of concern: the environment, anticorruption, the welfare of workers around the world, and global human rights Who are the OECD and what are some of the guidelines? Guidelines that promote principles and standards of behavior in the following areas: human rights, information disclosure, anticorruption, taxation, labor relations, environment, competition, and consumer protection; a governmental initiative endorsed by 30 members Back to Chapter 1 What is the Golden Rule? Do unto others as you would have them do unto you What is Utilitarianism? Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people to help people (Scottish philosopher David Hume) What is Universal Ethics? Actions that are taken out of duty and obligation you a purely moral idea rather than based on the needs of the situation since the universal principles are seen to apply to everyone everywhere all the time (German philosopher Immanuel Kant) no idea needed What is Ethical Relativism? Gray area in which your ethical principles are defined by the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment Business Ethics free essay sample Versions of the first principle, sometimes called eco- efficiency, have long been a part of the environmental movement. Doing more with less has been an environmental guideline for decades. | Question 2| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| According to model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem), we recognize that neither matter nor energy can truly be created, it can only be transferred from one form to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This conservation of matter/energy is consistent with the: Question options: | first law of thermodynamics. | | second law of thermodynamics. | third law of thermodynamics. | | fourth law of thermodynamics. | Hide Feedback| | | The model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem) differs from the circular flow model is several ways. From the first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of matter/energy), we recognize that neither matter nor energy can truly be created, it can only be transferred from one form to another. | Question 3| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Identify the responsibility which holds that a business should be responsible for incorporating the end results of its products back into the productive cycle. Question options: | Backcasting| | Cradle-to-cradle| | Take-make-waste| | Cradle-to-grave| Hide Feedback| | | Cradle-to-cradle responsibility holds that a business should be responsible for incorporating the end results of its products back into the productive cycle. | Question 4| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Identify the correct statement about the Brundtland Commission. Question options: | The United Nations World Commission on Trading and Development (WCTD) is commonly known as the Brundtland Commission, named after the place in Norway where the summit was held. | It was charged with developing recommendations for paths towards economic and social development that would not achieve economic growth at the expense of underdeveloped and developing countries. | | It offered what has become the standard definition of sustainable development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . | | It led to trading agreements like NAFTA, CAFTA, and the EU. | Hide Feedback| | | The Brundtland Commission offered what has become the standard definition of sustainable development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. | Question 5| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| The evolution of business strategy towards biomimicry can be understood along a continuum. The earliest phase has been described as _____, where business takes resources, makes products out of them, and discards whatever is left over. Question options: | cradle-to-grave| | take-make-waste| | cradle-to-cradle| | eco-efficiency| Hide Feedback| | | The evolution of business strategy towards biomimicry can be understood along a continuum. The earliest phase has been described as take-make-waste. Business takes resources, makes products out of them, and discards whatever is left over. | Question 6| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| According to economist Herman Daly, the emphasis of economic growth as the goal of economic policy will inevitably fail unless it is realized that: Question options: | the population of the world needs to be controlled. | | the economy is a subsystem within earths biosphere. | | resources are infinite. | | efficient markets need to be stabilized to ensure higher economic returns. | Hide Feedback| | Daly argues that neoclassical economics, with its emphasis on economic growth as the goal of economic policy, will inevitably fail to meet these challenges unless it recognizes that the economy is but a subsystem within earths biosphere. | Question 7| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Which of the following statements is not a problem faced by the regulatory approach to environmental challenges? Question options: | It u nderestimates the influence that business can have in establishing the law. | | This approach underestimates the ability of business to influence consumer choice. | It established standards that effectively shifted the burden from those threatened with harm to those who would cause the harm. | | If we rely on the law to protect the environment, environmental protection will extend only as far as the law extends. | Hide Feedback| | | The environmental regulation enacted during the 1970s established standards that effectively shifted the burden from those threatened with harm to those who would cause the harm. This is not a problem associated with the regulatory approach but one of the changes that occurred after it was enacted. | Question 8| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| According to model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem), entropy increased within a closed space (the second law of thermodynamics) implies that: Question options: | the amount of re-usable products decreases with increase in production. | | the economy exists within a finite biosphere. | | wastes are not produced at each stage of economic activity. | | the amount of usable energy decreases over time. | Hide Feedback| | | The model of the economy (or Economic System) as a subset of the biosphere (or Ecosystem) differs from the circular flow model is several ways. Energy is lost at every stage of economic activity. Consistent with the second law of thermodynamics (entropy increased within a closed system), the amount of usable energy decreases over time. | Question 9| | 0 / 0. 5 points| The approach that at least some animals have the cognitive capacity to possess a conscious life of their own is akin to the _____ ethical framework, which asserts that we have a duty not to treat these animals as mere objects and means to our own ends. Question options: | Kantian| | virtue ethic| | utilitarian| | social web| Hide Feedback| | | The first approach emphasizes the fact that many animals, presumably all animals with a central nervous system, have the capacity to feel pain. Reminiscent of the utilitarian tradition, this view asserts an ethical responsibility to minimize pain. | Question 10| | 0. 5 / 0. 5 points| Internalizing external costs and assigning property rights to unowned goods such as wild species are two responses to market failures by defenders of a narrow economic view of corporate social responsibility. These ad hoc attempts to repair market failures are environmentally inadequate because of the: Question options: | bastcasting problem. | fungibility problem. | | biomimicry problem. | | first-generation problem. | Hide Feedback| | | Internalizing external costs and assigning property rights to unowned goods such as wild species are two responses to market failures. But there are good reasons for thinking that such ad hoc attempts to repair market failures are environmentally inadequate. One importa nt reason is what has been called the first-generation problem. | Ch9| Question 1| | 0 / 1 point| The approach that animals with a central nervous system feel pain is akin to the _____ ethical framework, which asserts an ethical responsibility to minimize pain. Question options: | Kantian| | virtue ethic| | utilitarian| | deontological| Hide Feedback| | | The first approach emphasizes the fact that many animals, presumably all animals with a central nervous system, have the capacity to feel pain. Reminiscent of the utilitarian tradition, this view asserts an ethical responsibility to minimize pain. | Question 2| | 1 / 1 point| In economic terms, all resources are infinite because: Question options: | they are ‘fungible. | | governmental regulations ensure that resources are distributed fairly. | | the advent of technology ensures that all resources are recyclable. | efficient markets will distribute resources efficiently. | Hide Feedback| | | From a strict market economic perspective, resources are infinite. As the supply of any resources decreases, the price increases, thereby providing a strong incentive to supply more or provide a less costly substitute. In economic terms, all resources are fungible. They can be replaced by subst itutes, and in this sense resources are infinite. | Question 3| | 1 / 1 point| Identify the correct statement about the circular flow model. Question options: | It differentiates natural resources from the other factors of production. | It explains the origin of resources. | | It treats economic growth as both the solution to all social ills and also as boundless. | | It holds that resources are finite. | Hide Feedback| | | An observation of the circular flow model is that it treats economic growth as both the solution to all social ills and also as boundless. | Question 4| | 1 / 1 point| The _____ explains the nature of economic transactions in the terms of a flow of resources from businesses to households and back again. Question options: | circular flow model| | three pillars of sustainability| triple bottom line approach| | bilinear model| Hide Feedback| | | What is sometimes called the circular flow model explains the nature of economic transactions in terms of a flow of resou rces from businesses to households and back again. | Question 5| | 0 / 1 point| According to economist Herman Daly, over the long term, resources and energy cannot be used, nor waste produced, at rates which the biosphere cannot replace or absorb them without harming its ability to sustain life. These are what Daly calls the: Question options: | economic limitations. | | the backcasting effect. | | biophysical limits to growth. | | un-expendable boundaries. | Hide Feedback| | | Over the long term, resources and energy cannot be used, nor waste produced, at rates at which the biosphere cannot replace or absorb them without jeopardizing its ability to sustain (human) life. These are what Daly calls the biophysical limits to growth. | Question 6| | 1 / 1 point| What do you understand by the statement all resources are fungible? Question options: | They can be regulated and controlled by the government. | | They can be replaced by substitutes. | They cannot be duplicated. | | They can be recycled. | Hide Feedback| | | In economic terms, all resources are fungible. They can be replaced by substitutes, and in this sense resources are infinite. | Question 7| | 1 / 1 point| The Triple Bottom Line approach involves the measurement of business success of sustainable businesses and sustainable economic development in terms of three factors. Identify them. Question options: | Economic, legal, and environmental sustainability| | Economic, ethical, and environmental sustainability| | Economic, legal, and competitive sustainability| Legal, competitive, and environmental sustainability| Hide Feedback| | | Sustainable business and sustainable economic development seek to create new ways of doing business in which business success is measured in terms of economic, ethical, and environmental sustainability, often called the Triple Bottom Line approach. | Question 8| | 1 / 1 point| Which of the following statements is true about the circular flow model? Question options: | The economy need not grow to keep up with population growth. | | The possibility that the economy cannot grow indefinitely is not part of this model. | The economy need not grow to provide for a higher standard of living. | | The economy cannot grow indefinitely. | Hide Feedback| | | An observation about the circular flow model is that it treats economic growth as both the solution to all social ills and also as boundless. To keep up with population growth, the economy must grow. To provide for a higher standard of living, the economy must grow. To alleviate poverty, hunger, and disease, the economy must grow. The possibility that the economy cannot grow indefinitely is simply not part of this model. | Question 9| | 1 / 1 point| A market-based approach to resolving environmental challenges is reminiscent of the _____ view of CSR. Question options: | philanthropic| | economic| | social web| | integrative| Hide Feedback| | | A market-based approach to resolving environmental challenges is reminiscent of the narrow, economic view of CSR. | Question 10| | 1 / 1 point| The three goals of sustainable development that include economic, environmental, and ethical sustainability are referred to as the: Question options: | Tripartite Goals. | | three pillars of sustainability. | | Three Pronged charter. | | shoulders of sustainability. | Hide Feedback| Business Ethics free essay sample Consider the functional departments reviewed in chapter 3. Which department do you think faces the greatest number of ethical challenges? Why? I think human resource department faces the maximum number of ethical challenges. The human resources function within an organization should ideally be directly involved in the relationship between the company and the employee throughout that employee’s contract with the company. Each of these activities demands transparency and very challenging from an ethical perspective. The creation of the job description for the position. The recruitment and selection of the right candidate for the position. The orientation of the newly hired employee. The efficient management of payroll and benefits for the (hopefully) happy and Productive employee. The documentation of periodic performance reviews. The documentation of disciplinary behavior and remedial training, if needed. The creation of a career development program for the employee. HR department should coordinate final paperwork and should host an exit interview to ensure that anything the organization can learn from the departure is fed back into the company’s strategic plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Business ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the right people are hired in the first place, it is believed, many other problems are avoided down the road. Many advocates of ethical business conduct argue that HR should be at the center of any corporate code of ethics – not as the sole creator of the code, since it is a document that should represent the entire organization HR professionals must help ensure that ethics is a top organizational priority. HR must ensure that the leadership selection and development processes include an ethics component. HR is responsible for ensuring that the right programs and policies are in place. HR must stay abreast of ethics issues The finance function of an organization can be divided into three distinct areas: financial transactions, the accounting function, and the auditing function. Financial transactions – the process by which the flow of money through an organization is handled. Accounting function – keeps track of all the company’s financial transactions by documenting the money coming in and money going out and balancing the accounts at the end of the period. Auditing function – the certification of an organization’s financial statements, or â€Å"books† as being accurate by an impartial third-party professional. Existing and potential investors will make the decision to invest in the shares of an organization. 2. Provide three examples of unethical behavior that you have observed at the company you work or (or worked for in the past). What were the outcomes of this behavior? Deliberate Deception: I have seen following types: taking credit for work done by someone else, calling in sick in order to go to the beach, sabotaging the work of another person. This can be very damaging by using a persons trust to undermine his rights and security. In a workplace environment, this results in conflict and retaliation and less productivity. Conscience violation: My sales manager threatened to fire you unless I could sell 50 inferior quality but pricey products within the next mo. To keep your job, I had to violate my conscience and recommend that your customers buy the pricey inferior quality product. My boss was engaging in unethical behavior by forcing me to do something wrong, and also was risking the ire and potential loss of valuable customers to meet a product sales goal. Failed to Honor Commitments: My boss promised me an extra day off if I could rush out an important project by a certain date. But when the project was successful by that deadline and I wanted to realize the day off, my boss did not agree to give me that day off citing a lot of work still pending. 3. Philip Kotler argues that professional marketers â€Å"should have the same ambivalence as nuclear scientists who help build nuclear bombs. † Is that a valid argument? Why or why not? While I suppose this statement has some validity, it seems somehow exaggerated. I would say that they probably should feel some ambivalence, but not â€Å"the same ambivalence† as the people who make nuclear weapons. The validity of this statement rests on the idea that marketing is harmful to those who are exposed to it. This is true to some degree. First of all, marketing can cause people to waste money. It can cause them to buy things that they would not have wanted to buy if they had not been exposed to the marketing. It might cause them to buy things that they will not even actually use. Second, it can harm people by encouraging them to buy things that are actually bad for them. The classic example of this would be marketing for cigarettes. Of course, it is a major exaggeration to compare marketing and nuclear weapons. Marketing is not lethal in the same way that nuclear weapons are. It can also, at times, be beneficial and does not necessarily hurt anyone. Nuclear weapons cannot be used without killing people. Marketing can be used without doing people any harm at all even if it can at times do some degree of harm. 4. What are â€Å"Creative bookkeeping techniques†? Provide three examples. Creative accounting, also known as competitive book keeping, is the adjustment of economical statistics, usually within the law and bookkeeping requirements, but very much against their soul and certainly not offering the â€Å"true and fair† perspective of a company that records are expected to. A common aim of creative bookkeeping will be to fill revenue outcomes. Some organizations may also decrease revealed income in excellent years to sleek outcomes. Obligations and resources may also be controlled, either to stay within boundaries such as debt covenants, or to cover up problems. Typical creative bookkeeping techniques consist of off balance sheet funding, over-optimistic income recognition and the use of overstated non-recurring products. The phrase â€Å"window dressing† has identical significance when used to records, but is a wider phrase that can be used to other places. In the US it is often used to explain the adjustment of financial commitment collection efficiency statistics. In the perspective of records, â€Å"window dressing† is more likely than â€Å"creative accounting† to suggest unlawful or bogus methods, but it need to do so. The methods of creative bookkeeping modify eventually. As bookkeeping requirements modify, the methods that will work modify. Many changes in bookkeeping requirements are used to prevent particular methods of adjusting records, which indicates those purpose on creative bookkeeping need to find new methods of doing things. Simultaneously, other, well intentioned, changes in bookkeeping requirements start up new possibilities for creative bookkeeping (the use of reasonable value is an excellent example of this). Many (but not all) creative bookkeeping methods modify the main statistics proven in the fiscal reports, but make themselves obvious elsewhere, most often in the notices to the records. The market has been amazed before by bad information invisible in the notices, so a persistent strategy can give you a side. One of the most important aspects of creative accounting is Earnings management. It occurs when professionals use verdict in economical confirming and in constructing dealings to alter economical statements to either deceive some stakeholders about the actual economic performance of an organization or impact contract results that rely on revealed bookkeeping statistics. Earnings control usually includes the synthetic increase (or decrease) of earnings, profits, or income per share results through competitive bookkeeping techniques. Aggressive income control is a form of scams and varies from confirming mistake. Management wanting to show income at a certain level or following a certain design seek problems in economical confirming requirements that allow them to modify the statistics as far as is possible to achieve their preferred aim or to fulfill forecasts by economical experts. These improvements amount to bogus economical confirming when they fall outside the range of suitable bookkeeping practice. Individuals for such behavior include industry objectives, individual realization of an extra, and maintenance of position within a industry. In most cases conformance to suitable bookkeeping methods is a matter of individual reliability. Aggressive income control becomes more potential when an organization is affected by a recession in company. Earnings control is seen as a pushing issue in current bookkeeping exercise. Part of the difficulty can be found in the approved acknowledgement that there is no such thing as a single right income figure and that it is possible for genuine company methods to develop into undesirable economical confirming. It is relatively easy for an auditor to identify mistake, but income control can include innovative scams that is concealed. The requirement for control to claim that the accounts have been prepared properly offers no protection where those professionals have already joined into conscious deception and scams. Auditors need to tell apart scams from mistake by determining the use of objective. Would you leave your position within a company if you saw evidence of unethical business practices? Why or why not? What factors would you consider in making that decision? Yes I will leave my position within a company if I see evidence of unethical business practices being followed. I will follow the steps below while making that decision: 1. Determine whether the matter truly involves ethics. 2. Strive to discover all the available facts before proceeding. 3. Consult existing guidelines that might apply as a possible mechanism for resolution. 4. Pause to consider, as best as possible, all factors that might influence the decision you will make. 5. Consult with a trusted colleague. Because ethical decision-making involves a complicated process influenced by our own perceptions and values, we can usually benefit by seeking input from others. 6. Evaluate the rights, responsibilities, and vulnerability of all affected parties. These evaluations should include, if relevant, any involved institution and perhaps even the general public. 7. Generate alternative decisions. 8. Enumerate the consequences of making each decision 9. Make the decision. Implement the decision. 6. Explain the potential ethical challenges presented by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Accountants always make judgments about how to record business transactions. They often base their decisions on the financial objectives of the companies for which they work while using accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to steer their decisions. GAAP are not a fixed set of rules. They are guidelines or, more precisely, a group of objectives and conventions that have evolved over time to govern how financial statements are prepared and presented. And it’s this lack of a clearly laid out rule that presents the ethical challenged around GAPP. The most difficult ethical problems (frequency reported) are: Client requests to alter tax returns and commit tax fraud, conflict of interest and independence Client requests to alter financial statements, personal-professional problems, and fee problems. CPAs perceive that opportunities exist in the accounting profession to engage in unethical behavior When top management (partners) reprimands unethical behavior, the ethical problems perceived by CPAs seem to be reduced. Exercises: Complete the â€Å"Internet Exercise† on page 58 of Business Ethics Now. 1. Visit the U. S. government recall Web site www. recalls. gov, select a product recall event from the past three years, and answer the following questions: a. What information would you consider to be evidence of an ethical transgression in this product recall? b. Other than recalling the product, what other actions did the company take to address the situation? c. What steps would you suggest that the company should have taken to restore that reputation? d. Locate the Web sites for the American Marketing Association (AMA) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). One has a â€Å"Professional Code of Conduct,† and the other has a â€Å"Statement of Ethics. † Does the terminology make a difference? Why or why not? e. Compare and contrast the components of each approach. f. Since the AMA offers certification as a â€Å"Professional Certified Marketer,† would the organization benefit from promoting a professional code of conduct like the AICPA? Why or why not? Child Safety Seat Recalls: On February 7, 2014, Graco Childrens Products, Inc. (Graco) informed NHTSA that it would be recalling model year 2009 through 2013 toddler and booster child restraints, models Cozy Cline, Comfort Sport, Classic Ride 50, My Ride 65, My Ride w/Safety Surround, My Ride 70, Size 4 Me 70, Smart Seat, Nautilus, Nautilus Elite, and Argos 70. On March 7, 2014, Graco informed NHTSA it would be including an additional 403,222 seats in this recall, including certain model year 2006 through 2014 Argos 70 Elite, Ready Ride, Step 2, My Ride 65 with Safety Surround, My Size 70, Head Wise 70 with Safety Surround, Nautilus 3-in-1, Nautilus Plus, and Smart Seat with Safety Surround. The defect involves difficulty in unlatching the harness buckle. In some cases, the buckle becomes stuck in a latched condition so that it cannot be opened by depressing the buckles release button. CONSEQUENCE: It may be difficult to remove the child from the restraint, increasing the risk of injury in the event of a vehicle crash, fire, or other emergency, in which a prompt exit from the vehicle is required. REMEDY: Graco is offering to replace the buckle with a new design, free of charge. Registered owners will be notified Beginning around early April 2014, and offered the free replacement buckle. All other owners may contact Graco at 1-800-345-4109 (toll-free) or 1-330-869-7225, or online at www. [emailprotected] com. a. A Child safety seat is intended to provide safety to the child. But the consequence of this recall says : : It may be difficult to remove the child from the restraint, increasing the risk of injury in the event of a vehicle crash, fire, or other emergency, in which a prompt exit from the vehicle is required. That is an ethical transgression. b. Graco is offering to replace the buckle with a new design, free of charge. Registered owners will be notified beginning around early April 2014, and offered the free replacement buckle. c. Other than recalling and replacing the existing faulty products, Graco should publicly demonstrate that they have put better process and controls in place to avoid similar defects in their products in the future. That would have helped them to restore their reputation. d. They do not have much of practical difference. The purpose of both of them is to enforce ethical professional practices form their members e. Code of conduct depicts the standard procedures to be followed to do a work within professional boundaries. Statement of ethics outlines the ethical behaviors related to a particular organization or profession. f. No. In marketing profession, ethical challenges are much more evident than a lack of standards. So statement of ethics makes more sense. Case Study: Review Issue 5 from Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Business Ethics and Society. Whi ch viewpoint do you side with? Why? Explain. Reference at least two outside resources that further support the viewpoint you side with. Issue 5: Can Ethics Codes Build â€Å"True† Corporate Ethics? I side with Yes, When it comes to corporate ethics, bad news is good news. According to the Ethics Resource Center’s 2009 National Business Ethics Survey, on-the-job misconduct is down, whistle-blowing is up, and ethical organizational cultures are stronger. Despite these trends, there may be no better time for human resource managers to conduct or participate in ethics-related audits. Setting the Tone: Legal developments in recent like Sarbanes-Oxley Act, with its emphasis on tone at the top and its requirement that publicly traded companies disclose whether they have a code of ethics to deter wrongdoing. The Federal Acquisition Regulation and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines also have a significant impact on organizations’ ethics policies and practices by requiring or providing incentives to encourage businesses of all kinds and sizes to adopt codes of conduct, train their employees on these codes, and create effective audit and reporting mechanisms. HR plays a crucial role in shaping corporate ethical codes, policies and procedures and then communicating and teaching that information to the workforce. In many companies, the top HR manager either serves as the de facto chief ethics and compliance officer or works with the person in that role to manage ethics and compliance programs. Apart from the chief executive officer, there may be no more important ethical role model in the organization than an HR manager. Employees watch HR and they should. HR managers, we essentially need to serve as the poster children for ethical behavior. HR managers who thrive as ethical role models almost always play central roles in conducting ethics-related audits, notes Marjorie Doyle, principal of ethics consulting firm Marjorie Doyle Associates in Landenberg, Pa. , and a member of the Advisory Board of Directors for the Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics. As a former chief corporate ethics and compliance officer, I spent a lot of time with HR, she says. HR managers are trying to get people to do the right thing. They also tend to manage the annual performance review process and operate the communications network within the company, both of which are crucial to ethics audits, Doyle says. They have a feel for whether certain behaviors are as ethical as they need to be. Laying the Groundwork Ethics audits ensure that behaviors an organization espouses in its code of conduct and policies and procedures exist in practice and that behavior forbidden in these documents does not occur. The risk of neglecting ethics audits can be severe. After its ethics-related implosion, Enron became well-known for the fact that the framed values statements in conference rooms were at odds with employees’ behavior on trading floors. And, more-immediate problems potentially exist for companies that do not conduct ethics audits. The danger can spread to other stakeholders, including customers, suppliers and community members. If word gets out that you are not an ethical organization, you run the risk of losing business, Crane notes. Conducting an ethics audit requires a team effort as well as a clear definition of ethical behavior. While many larger companies staff a chief ethics and compliance officer position, that individual is not solely responsible for each employee’s behavior. For this reason, Conway, Ark. -based Nabholz Construction Co. has an ethics committee consisting of top legal, finance, HR and operational executives. We want to have diverse skills on the committee and to make sure all of our geographies are represented, says Andrea Woods, SPHR, vice president and corporate counsel for the private company with about 850? Employees. Nabholz Construction’s ethics committee takes responsibility for monitoring and investigating ethics hotline calls and e-mails. The hotline system is managed by a third-party provider, an arrangement that Woods says strengthens objectivity and independence. The committee conducts ethics audits as part of an annual internal audit process. In addition, a divisional controller, an HR employee and Woods conduct spot ethics audits on the recommendation of the committee. The frequency Woods describes—annual audits on all ethics-related areas and spot ethics audits on an as-needed basis in response to risk assessments—jibes with what ethics consultants recommend. Depending on company size and auditing resources, Crane notes, some companies may audit their entire ethics programs only once every two years. However, the occurrence of a major organizational realignment may necessitate more frequent ethics audits in its wake. Whether or not corporate leaders seek outside help on ethics audits depends on the nature and magnitude of the issues. If the issue involves something very important to the company, it helps to get an outside perspective and the impartial judgment that a third party provides, Crane says. If the company conducts the audit internally and outside stakeholders are paying close attention to the issue, it can be more difficult to say, ‘Yes, we audited our ethics internally and everything is just fine. That may be received as a matter of the fox guarding the henhouse. Making It Tangible Regardless of whether ethics audits are woven into internal audit processes, performed internally in response to changing risk profiles or conducted by an external auditor, the question is What are you auditing against? says Mark Snyderman, senior knowledge leader at LRN, a company that helps businesses develop ethical corporate cultures. The answer requires a distinction between two disciplines frequently lumped together in corporate America: ethics and compliance. Ethics refers to the amorphous area of behavior. Compliance refers to adherence to legal regulations. A company may be fully compliant yet still engage in unethical practices. While that may seem like a clear distinction on paper, it becomes muddled in a global business environment. Compliance audits compare internal behaviors to external regulations. Ethics audits compare internal behaviors to internal guidelines on behavior—guidelines that exist in corporate codes of conduct and ethics-related policies and procedures. Of course, some compliance problems may stem from ethical lapses; others may arise from process or operational bugs. That’s why many business leaders conduct ethical audits in tandem with financial or operational audits. The code should be translated into specific guidance within policies and procedures. You don’t need to start out with the 10 commandments and 500 related rules, but you do need to have something specific to audit against, Doyle says. For example, what does an ethical violation related to bribery or conflict of interest look like? Be very descriptive in your policies and procedures about what these things mean, she recommends. Also, have managers and employees establish performance goals related to ethics and compliance so employees can be evaluated against those objectives. Doyle says greater specificity in ethics-related policies and procedures paves the way for ethics-related performance objectives and metrics. These metrics help enable more-tangible ethics audits.

Chainsaw essays

Chainsaw essays The basic 16-inch chainsaw pictured below, has some of the following components, - And an ignition system started by a magneto connected to a spark plug There are many working parts to the chainsaw. The first a most important is the aircooled two-stroke engine. An engine works as follows, the first place to start is when the spark plug fires. Petrol and air that have been compressed in the cylinders of the engine ignite when the spark plug fires. This reaction drives the piston downward. As the piston approaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust port is uncovered. As the piston finally bottoms out, the intake port is uncovered. The piston's movement has pressurized the mixture in the crankcase, so it rushes into the cylinder, displacing the remaining exhaust gases and filling the cylinder with a fresh charge of fuel, once the piston has finished its cycle the processes starts again. The centrifugal clutch is situated between the engine and the chain. The clutch's purpose is to disengage so that the chain does not move when the engine is not running. When the engine speeds up, the clutch engages so that the chain can cut. The middle and weights spin as one. If they are spinning slowly enough, the weights are held against the middle by the spring. The magneto creates the electrical charge needed to fire the spark plug, and the spark plug creates the spark inside the combustion chamber to ignite the petrol. The job of the magneto is to create a surge. In simple a magneto basically is an electrical generator that has been tuned to create a short high-voltage pulse rather than continuous current. ...

Interpersonl therpy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Interpersonl therpy - Essay Example IPT is one of the short term therpies tht hve been proven to be effective for the tretment of depression. Short term usully involves up to 20 sessions (usully weekly meetings, 1 hour per session) nd mintins focus on 1-2 key issues tht seem to be most closely relted to the depression. Although depression my not be cused by interpersonl events, it usully hs n interpersonl component, tht is, it ffects reltionships nd roles in those reltionships. IPT ws developed to ddress these interpersonl issues. The precise focus of the therpy trgets interpersonl events (such s interpersonl disputes / conflicts, interpersonl role trnsitions, complicted grief tht goes beyond the norml berevement period) tht seem to be most importnt in the onset nd / or mintennce of the depression. IPT is time-limited therpy tht previews in totl 12-week tretment schedule (Mufson & Moreu, 1998). The gols of IPT re to identify interpersonl problem res with which the dolescent is struggling nd to focuse on how those problems re currently impcting their reltionships (Mufson & Moreu, 1998). There re three tretment phses identified s prt of the IPTmodel--initil, middle, nd termintion. Initil Phse occurs during s... te history of current interpersonl reltionships, identify the interpersonl problem re(s) tht my hve precipitted the onset of the depression, discuss gols nd techniques of IPT tretment, nd contrct for tretment. The middle phse of IPT tretment consists of sessions five through eight nd it is during this time tht the mentl helth counselor nd client begin to directly work on the interpersonl problem res identified during the initil stges of tretment. The min gol of the middle phse of IPTtretment is to ssocite these interpersonl problem res to the depressive symptomology currently being experienced by the dolescent. Five interpersonl problem res re exmined during this time: grief, interpersonl role disputes, role trnsitions, interpersonl deficits, nd single-prent fmilies (Mufson & Moreu, 1999). The focus of these interpersonl problem res hs been modified from IPT to meet the developmentl needs nd issues of depressed dolescents. The termintion phse of IPT occurs between sessions nine through twelve (Mufson & Moreu, 1999). In this phse, dolescents re helped to individute from the mentl helth counselor nd to gin sense of efficcy for coping with future problems. During the termintion session, mentl helth counselors nd dolescents process wht hs occurred in counseling, discuss possible res tht could cuse future problems, nd explore problem-solving strtegies relted to those res. Cognitive-Behviorl Therpy Cognitive-behviourl therpy (CBT) is the ne mongst number of structured psychotherpies tht hd proved to be effective in the cute tretment of depression. CBT is generic term referring to therpies tht incorporte both behviorl interventions (direct ttempts to reduce dysfunctionl emotions nd behvior by ltering behvior) nd cognitive interventions (ttempts to reduce dysfunctionl

The theoretical framework of social marketing Essay

The theoretical framework of social marketing - Essay Example (Canada Health, 2005) Social marketing is not a new concept it has been around for a long time in one form or the other. Ever since there have been societies people have tried to persuade, inform, motivate and some how gain acceptance for their ideas and hence bring about a change. But social marketing was first introduced as a discipline in 1970 by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman when they realized that the same marketing principles and strategies used to sell products can be used to sell and promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. Kotler emphasized that the only difference between marketing and social marketing was that in social marketing the aim is not to maximize the benefit for the seller but to bring about a social change. (Weinreich, 2006) Six basic principles of social management set it apart it from other marketing approaches. Firstly the marketing conceptual frame work is intended to bring about a change that is the ultimate goal of marketing is to influence an action. Secondly there should be recognition of competition as recommended behaviors almost always have competition that should be understood and addressed. Thirdly there is a consumer orientation which is the focus on meeting the needs of one's consumers. Fourthly seminal research is to be used to identify with consumer's desires and needs that is programs will be more successful if they are based on the target audience's own perceptions and views. Fifthly there is to be a segmentation and careful selection of the target audience as audiences are rarely consistent in their perceptions or likely responses to marketing efforts and thus should be separated. And sixthly there is to be constant monitoring and modification of program tactics as the market is cons tantly changing and the management should be ready to rapidly adjust and alter its strategies. (Social Marketing Institute, n.d) Social marketing relies on the commercial marketing's conceptual frame work to guide program development and implementation. This frame work places the consumer at the heart of the exchange process where they try to maximize their wants and needs and minimize their costs of doing so. There fore social marketing identifies consumer wants and needs and tries to develop ways to satisfy them. In other words social marketing focuses on the consumer and tries to learn what the consumer wants and thus attempts to provide for the his or her needs. The planning process takes this consumer focus into account by concentrating on the elements of the marketing mix. This refers to the Ps of social marketing which incorporate the four Ps of marketing which are price, product, place and promotion as well as a few others. (Meischke, n.d) The first "P" is the social marketing product which might not always be in physical form. Products can be tangible such as condoms, ideas such as environment protection, habits or practices such as healthy eating and even services such as regular medical check ups or exams. For the product to be effective the consumers have to identify the fact that they have a problem and that the product offers a good solution to that problem. Here research can be used to determine the consumer's perception of their problem and how willing they are to solve that problem. (Weinreich, 2006) The second "P" is price which refers to what the consumers

Christianity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christianity - Research Paper Example This idea failed. Around 800 years before Christ, a Zoroastrian religion in Persia claimed that there was the great one God. True monotheism, the belief in one God is held by the Christians, Jews and Mohammedans and this is generated from the Hebrew religion as witnessed in the Old Testament of the Bible. The origin of Christianity can be connected with Judaism, the parent religion. The time of Jesus Christ which can be described as the ‘known world’ was largely under the dominions of the Roman’s. (Rosten, 1975) The origin of Christianity can be traced to Circa, between 2100 B.C and 1500 B.C. The story begins with Abraham who was chosen by God to spread His word. Abraham wife Sarah was barren and unable to produce a child which was to lead the nation. Abraham, with the consent of Sarah, then had sex with their Egyptian servant Hagar who conceived and delivered Ishmael. However, Sarah in the latter years conceived Abraham baby and gave birth to Isaac. This division of Abraham’s message into separate religions was due to the two sons- Ishmael and Isaac. Muslims believe that Ishmael was the apostle, prophet and the legitimate successor. While Christians and Jews believe Isaac (resulting from the conception within marriage) is the true one carrying Abraham divine message. The Hebrew bible tells the story of Abraham in the book of Genesis, chapters 12 through 25. God tests Abraham by telling him to sacrifice his son, Isaac. The son waits for his throat to be sundered. Abraham takes a brea th, closes his eyes, draws back his arm and then†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..hears a voice, â€Å"Stop! Do not do it. I see now that you truly fear me.† Abraham drops the knife and both father and son sob tears of relief. (Rosten, 1975) From Abraham’s original family begins the division between the religions. Christians believe and follow the teachings of Abraham, Moses and Jesus Christ. Jews continued their split from Christianity by not accepting Jesus

The Effects of Peer Leadership

The Effects of Peer Leadership Theory Leadership, by definition, is the process of guiding and directing the behavior of people in the work environment (Nelson/Quick, 2011). The leader influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal, usually set by the organization. Leadership and management are not interchangeable; they deal with very separate things in the work place. In general, management involves tasks that are necessary for the business, such as staffing, budgeting, and problem solving, whereas leaders focus on the people within the organization and their needs, such as motivation, goal setting, and camaraderie. Currently in the workforce, there are three different generations of leaders: the Baby Boomers (born between 1946 and 1964), Generation X (1961-1981), and Generation Y (1974- 1994) (Robbins, 2008). Stereotypically speaking, there are differences in leadership styles and work ethics between these generations. Baby Boomers resist change and are unwilling to understand the new age. Those in Generation X are seen as unmotivated and selfish, though they generally have strong communication skills and are technologically savvy. Individuals born in the Generation Y do not have the same, strong work ethic as previous generations and do not understand the meaning of hard work, but are viewed as energetic, able to multitask, and very technologically savvy. Because of the differences between the generations, this could make leading groups or teams difficult. However, according to Robbins, all leaders  ¿Ã‚ ½must learn to dismiss stereotypes and gain an understanding of all generations ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Robbins, 2008). Today ¿Ã‚ ½s leaders face many challenges. From diversity and generational differences to globalization and technological progression, it is how leaders face these challenges that set apart effective leaders from unsuccessful ones. The most important implications for leaders are that they need to be good diagnosticians. Leaders must be flexible enough to vary their own behavior in relation to the needs of individuals in particular situations in an appropriate way. Peer leadership is great for situational leadership. Successful peer leading in university settings is the result of relationships among students, mentors and instructors (Ashman, 2010, pg. 121). Teaching also occurs between and among students as they work together and at times mentor each other in and outside the classroom. Though instructors may wish otherwise, this sort of peer teaching may have an even greater impact on students than teaching in the classroom (Goodlad, 1998). They suggest that academic involvement and interaction with faculty and fellow students increases the time and physical and psychological energy that students devote to the academic experience. Two of the most common situations that involve students helping other students are peer mentoring and peer leading, such as residential life settings (Ashman, 2010, pg. 122) .Peer leading focuses on more experienced students helping less experienced students improve overall academic performance, encourages mentors ¿  ½ personal growth (Falchikov, 2001; Kram, 1985), and provides advice, support and knowledge to the mentee (University of South Australia, 2003). Using peer tutors requires a whole system of training and support concerning the socialization of students, teachers and instructors. Peer leaders are a great help to the student body. It is because of the similarity in age that students can better relate with the peer group they are leading. They are the connecting link. In other words, they help other students inside and outside of class get involved with their campus and education (Sanft Jensen McMurray, 2008). Also, because peer leaders are less authoritative, students feel more comfortable at times approaching them making them more effective leaders. It ¿Ã‚ ½s really important for students to have leaders ¿Ã‚ ½ knowledge of resources and events on campus. Students are the  ¿Ã‚ ½go-to ¿Ã‚ ½ people when it comes to learning information about things relevant to their age group. Peer leadership guides and motivates other students (Ashman, 2010, pg. 125). Peer leaders encourage their students to get involved on campus, study more efficiently and improve academically.  ¿Ã‚ ½They ¿Ã‚ ½re not just leaders to the students [in their class], they ¿Ã‚ ½re leaders to all students ¿Ã‚ ½ they ¿Ã‚ ½re an example to all students. ¿Ã‚ ½ (Interview 40) In the role of learning coach, peer leaders teach students important academic and life skills (9 of 29). Almost every proponent of peer approaches indicates some sort of benefit to both sides of a peer mentor relationship (Ashman, 2010, pg. 127). In the past two decades, much new research on inspirational leadership theories has emerged. Transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, and authentic leadership are all important developments in inspirational leadership. As the Residential Life program assists in the development of life skills, such as respect, accountability, mindfulness, responsibility, and patience, transformational leadership is demonstrated through staff forming emotional bonds with residents and  ¿Ã‚ ½arousing enthusiasm for a common vision ¿Ã‚ ½ (Kearney 1). Instead of using their official position to manage residents, Residential Life staff members rely on their personal attributes to inspire and excite. As role models, Residential Life staff members are charismatic, provide inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation, and show individualized consideration, all sub-dimensions of transformational leadership (Kearney 1). According to Nelson and Quick (2011), individualized consideration refers to how much attention leaders place on individual needs, and inspirational motivation is how well a leader is able to  ¿Ã‚ ½articulate a vision that is appealing to its followers ¿Ã‚ ½ (Nelson/Quick 197). Studies have shown that transformational leadership increases firm performance (Nelson/Quick 197). According to Judge and Piccolo (2004), it is positively related to a number or important outcomes, including the satisfaction, motivation, and performance of followers. Transformational leadership is effective because leaders encourage followers to set goals that are equal to their own personal interests and values (Nelson/Quick 197). This results in followers valuing their work more because their ultimate goals match up with who they are. The Residential Life program consists of staff members ranging in age. With student RAs in every residential hall, there is little age difference between leaders and followers. This small age gap could conceivably influence the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance. Eric Kearney sought to examine the question of whether transformational leadership is more effective when it is provided by team leaders who are older than the other team members. According to Bass and Riggio (2006), personal identification and respect for a leader, as well as the internalization of the leader ¿Ã‚ ½s values, are all key mediating processes through which transformational leadership exerts its effects. Kearney proposes that as well as being perceived as  ¿Ã‚ ½competent and extraordinary (i.e. transformational), ¿Ã‚ ½ leaders must also be considered deserving of a special status. He then refers to Festinger ¿Ã‚ ½s (1954) social comparison theory that states that people have a natural tendency to evaluate themselves and their abilities (Kearney 2). In teams consisting of members of similar levels of education and qualifications, members will search for legitimate reasons why one among them has been selected to lead. As RAs enforce rules and regulations in residential halls, residents of the same age may question the RAs authority. If students do not fully accept the legitimacy of the status and power of the RAs, it greatly reduces the potential positive impact of the RA. Through studying 49 Research and Development teams in a multinational pharmaceutical company, Kearney hypothesized that  ¿Ã‚ ½the age difference between a team leader and his or her followers moderates the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance such that this relationship is stronger with increasing leader age relative to the team. ¿Ã‚ ½ He examined teams consisting of researchers and technicians who interacted often and worked interdependently toward common team goals. The average mean age of the 49 teams was 38.78 and the mean age of the team leaders was 42.98. After 6 months, the direct supervisor of each team rated team performance. Kearney ¿Ã‚ ½s results indicate that it makes a difference whether transformational leadership is provided by a leader who is older than or close to the same age as the followers. When the leader was older than the other team members, there was a positive relationship between transformational leadership and team performance. He interprets his findings based on the social comparison theory. Kearney states that leaders who are about the same age as the other team members are more likely to be viewed by similarly qualified team members of lacking the  ¿Ã‚ ½legitimacy to occupy a privileged position ¿Ã‚ ½ (Kearney 7). This in turn may make the team identify less with the leader and resist the internalization of the leader ¿Ã‚ ½s visions and values. Kearney does note however, that the non-significant correlations between leader age and both transformational leadership and team performance show that older leaders themselves are neither perceived as more transformational nor are they more effective as leaders than younger leaders. Thus, leaders who are of a similar age as the other team members can be successful as leaders who are older than their followers. Kearney ¿Ã‚ ½s findings do suggest that leaders of a similar age as the followers are less likely to positively affect team performance through transformational behaviors. Application At Skidmore College, students are used to help lead the student body in the residential halls. Students are hired to work as  ¿Ã‚ ½Resident Assistants ¿Ã‚ ½ to help foster a healthy and happy living environment for the students. Resident Assistants generally employ one of three potential leadership styles. These styles are laissez-faire, autocratic and democratic. 1) Laissez-faire: The laissez-faire leadership style has an unusual approach. Rather than actively directing a team to perform a task, the laissez-faire style gives little to no direction. Known as  ¿Ã‚ ½hands off, ¿Ã‚ ½ the laissez-faire system provides freedom an individual team. Although the laissez-faire leadership style in many situations can prove to be controversial and negatively affect the outcome of a group ¿Ã‚ ½s performance, it is not completely useless. Often if people are intrinsically motivated in a particular area the role of an active leader is not prevalent to encourage. The laissez-faire style can also be important and works very well for a team of experienced and trustworthy individuals. For example, consider a construction site with an architect and a five of his workers. The five workers have been building homes for ten years and understand construction very well. In this scenario the architect designed the home laying out the details and materials needed to get the job don e safe and efficiently. Although the architect is the leader, his expertise consists of imagining the home but not necessarily the process of how it is to be built. Based on the architects original plan, the works build the house without any additional guidance from the architect, unless necessary. To clarify further, the architect knows where to put the window, but is not quite as sure how to put it there subsequently trusting his workers to build it. The  ¿Ã‚ ½hands off ¿Ã‚ ½ approach allows the workers to utilize their personalized techniques and work with each other in order to complete the task. The laissez-faire leadership style also applies to residential life at Skidmore College. The jobs of residential assistant aren ¿Ã‚ ½t solely to boss students around and keep order, but also to make student feel comfortable. As new students arrive at school they are filled with an array of emotions including anxiety, excitement, and fear that can make any individual uncomfortable. It is the job of a residential assistant to make the transition easier by creating a welcoming feel and sense of community within the dorm. That does not mean that an RA is responsible for a particular student ¿Ã‚ ½s friend making process, or work balancing skills. In order to expose a new student to the rest of their dormitory without  ¿Ã‚ ½holding ones hand, ¿Ã‚ ½ a laissez-faire approach is an intelligent direction to go in. Fun icebreakers that involve the young adults and allow students to meet each other work significantly well. The RA is initiates the interaction and explains the rules for th e ice-breaker, then steps aside as students take control of the outcome of the game. If the RA gets too involved it can take away from the experience. For returning students, the laissez-faire style is also necessary as these students are experienced and have already gone through the process. Therefore, the returning students do not need much guidance and are fine on their own. In the concept of the laissez- faire behavioral theory, leaders believe that their followers will perform to their greatest ability if they let them  ¿Ã‚ ½respond to their responsibilities and obligations in their own ways ¿Ã‚ ½ (Web Finance. 2010). This principle allows their followers to excel at their own expense and allows them to be accountable for their decision making. This concept gives followers more freedom to work at their own pace and allows them to feel as if they are in charge of themselves. Although this shows that the leader is respecting that there may be different work needs among their workers, this type of leadership method does not always work. Within this laissez-faire concept, the leader may be seen as trying to relinquish his or her tasks that they were originally apportioned (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 81). This style of leadership can cause uncertainties within one ¿Ã‚ ½s position and it can  ¿Ã‚ ½cause interpersonal conflict at work ¿Ã‚ ½ because t here is a poor communication between what the leader wants and what the followers do (Nelson Quick, 2011, pg. 189). Take the role of a resident assistant in a resident at a university. When a resident assistant has his or her first floor meeting with their floor there is usually a discussion about what the rules and expectations of the resident hall. If this resident assistant decides not to set any ground rules or give any direction many conflicts would arise. There would not be a clear and concise framework for this situation which would leave the question,  ¿Ã‚ ½Who exactly is the leader and what does their position really entail? ¿Ã‚ ½ Many of residents would not have any guidance to know how to act when sharing a living space with different people and this could create tension among one another which would later cause disagreements and confusion. To further discuss this point, there was a study that wanted to prove that laissez-faire leadership behavior was considered to be a damaging management behavior within the workplace (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 80). According to the experimenters, some problems this concept caused in the work setting were conflicts and misperceptions about role positions, disagreements among employees, harassment, and  ¿Ã‚ ½ psychological distress ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 80). With these variables, the researchers came up with these five hypotheses to correlate these problems with laissez-faire leadership:  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 1: Experiencing laissez-faire leadership by one ¿Ã‚ ½s immediate superior is associated with high levels of role conflict and role ambiguity ¿Ã‚ ½. (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg.81)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 2: Experiencing laissez-faire leadership by one ¿Ã‚ ½s immediate superior is associated with high conflict levels with coworkers ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 82)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 3: Role stressors and conflicts with coworkers mediated the relationship between superiors ¿Ã‚ ½ laissez-faire leadership and subordinates experienced exposure to bullying at work ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 82)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 4: Superiors ¿Ã‚ ½ laissez-faire leadership is directly associated with subordinates ¿Ã‚ ½ exposure to bullying at work. ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84)  ¿Ã‚ ½Hypothesis 5: Role stressors, conflicts with coworkers, and bullying mediate the relationship between superiors ¿Ã‚ ½ laissez-faire leadership and psychological distress among the subordinates ¿Ã‚ ½ (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg.84). With these hypotheses in mind, the experimenters mailed surveys to 2,273 Norwegian workers to assess whether or not they were exposed to this type of leadership behavior (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84). The mean age of this sample was 43.4 years and half of the test subjects were women (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84). Skogstad et al. (2007) used a number of testing measures to evaluate the responses of the workers such as one from  ¿Ã‚ ½the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ¿Ã‚ ½ to gain insight on the subjects contact with this leadership style (p. 84). In a portion of the survey, the researchers also used  ¿Ã‚ ½the Bergen Conflict Inventory ¿Ã‚ ½ to find out what types of conflicts the subjects experienced whether it was job-oriented or personal differences among coworkers (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84). Within the results, the experimenters discovered that more than half of the workers  ¿Ã‚ ½experienced a low level of laissez-faire leadership, but that out of all the ot her effects of this concept, there was a sound relationship linked to harassment as well as the other office stressors mentioned before. (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg. 84-85). The reasoning behind this conclusion was when a leader does not meet up to their followers ¿Ã‚ ½ anticipations or show that they are apparent within the workplace, mannerisms such as role conflicts are initiated (Skogstad et al. 2007, pg.86). This study shows how, at times, laissez-faire leadership can be a hindrance in certain organizations and business. 2) Autocratic Leadership: Autocratic leadership is considered to be an outdated, classical style of leadership. Fundamentally, autocratic control places all power into the hands of the leader. In autocratic leadership managers seek to make as many decisions as possible, have the most authority and control in decision making, retain responsibility rather than utilize complete delegation, consult with other colleagues in minimally and prefer to work on the task at hand (Gastil, 1994, pg. 386). The reason autocratic leadership survives, is because it is intuitive, has many short-term benefits and comes naturally to many leaders (Gastil, 1994, pg. 387). Despite having critics, autocratic leadership offers many rewards to managers who emply it. For instance, stress is reduced due to increased control (Gastil, 1994, pg. 387). Also, group productivity often increases under increased surveillance (Gastil, 1994, pg. 388). The oversight that an autocratic manager exerts over a team improves their efficiancy and makes them less likely to be negligent. This is good for under-motivated employees who have little concern or interest in the quality of work and the speed with which that task is accomplished. Also, logistics of operations are improved (Gastil, 1994, pg. 390). Having one leader with in charge of everything makes it more likely that problems are foreseen and deadlines are met. This makes autocratic leadership best for complex projects where efficient cooperation is imperative to success. Faster decision making is another benefit (Gastil, 1994, pg. 392). When only one person makes decisions, choices are made faster. Unfortunately, in most instances, autocratic leadership only leads to short-term improvement and carries grave long-term effects (Gastil, 1994, pg. 393). Even though leading autocratically can cause faster decisions making, the manager is actually hindering his or her workforce from progressing. This is a result of depriving employees of the opportunity to gain experience and learn from their mistakes, which leads to poorer decisions and productivity in the long run (Gastil, 1994, pg. 394). Managers with poor leadership skills with often revert to this leadership style (Gastil, 1994, pg. 394). By assuming all responsibility an autocratic leader naturally works at his or her full capacity. This hyper-focus on work comes at the expense of good leadership development (Gastil, 1994, pg. 396). While autocratic leadership has virtues in certain instances, autocratic leadership is not appreciated by employees. People dislike being ordered around (Gastil, 1994, pg. 396). As a result, the autocratic leadership style can create in a non-motivated workforce. Although autocratic leadership is a good solution for non-motivated workers, it is the leadership style alone that often demotivates employees (Gastil, 1994, pg. 397). After becoming accustomed to receiving orders with little return on cooperation, workers lose the confidence to make their own decisions. Accordingly, workers become ineffective functioning on their own. 3) Democratic Leadership: Democratic Leadership encourages the distribution of responsibility, the use of delegation and continual group input (Woods, 2004, pg. 4). Democratic leadership is characterized by managers seeking assistance on decisions, delegating tasks, welcoming feedback and encouraging others to become leaders (Woods, 2004, pg. 4). The result of this very involved leadership style is a more positive work environment (Woods, 2004, pg. 7). An environment where employees are given responsibility are challenged results in an organization where employees are more inspired to work. Similarly, the process of receiving feedback corresponds with better decision making and effective operations (Woods, 2004, pg. 8). In other words, democratic leaders ¿Ã‚ ½ engagement with employees results in their knowing when something is going wrong, while employees under autocratic rule are discouraged from informing the leader. Another benefit is that democracy breeds creative thinking (Woods, 2004, pg. 10). Unrestricted flow of ideas and positivity is the unsurpassed vehicle for creativity. Reduction of friction and office politics is another reward of democratic leadership. By allowing employees to think freely, managers reduce the amount of tension employees are subject to (Woods, 2004, pg. 11). When autocratic leaders refuse to listen to their workers they are effectively asking to be undermined. Unfortunately, democratic leadership can be in danger of pseudo participation (Woods, 2004, pg. 19). If managers simply pretend to employ democratic leadership to seem friendlier, employees will realize this when their ideas are not actually valued. Accordingly, the manager-employee relationship will be subject to further misfortune.